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encompass expenses related to labour, chemicals, spare parts, etc. Operation and maintenance costs of the preheater and evaporator in geothermal applications are significantly higher because of the risk of scaling and corrosion. If industrial waste heat recovery applications are considered, this figure is relatively lower. Contingencies: This cost should compensate for all unpredictable events which may occur during transportation, construction and erection of the power plant. The contingency factor dependent on the level of complexity and uniqueness of the power plant. Since the risk of unpredictable events is low due to universal design, the contingency factor is smaller than for an average power plant but it still has to be taken into consideration. 4.6 Criteria of performance for ORC The performance of a power plant can be expressed through some common performance factors such as: Net power output: Net power output of the power plant, also known as total power output, can be calculated by subtracting all auxiliary power requirements from gross power output produced by the expander/generator. Cycle efficiency: Cycle efficiency is defined as the ratio between the net power of the cycle to the boiler heat rate. It gives a measure about how much of the waste heat input to the working fluid passing through the evaporator is converted to work. The operating net power output & cycle efficiency may differ from the designed values. This reduction may be caused due to the following reasons: The expander efficiency being low during under expansion The pump power consumption being higher than expected The heat loss from system components such as pipes and expander can be large because of inadequate insulation. In order to improve the efficiency of this system, these issues have to be resolved using low- cost solutions. Capacity Factor: The capacity factor for a power plant is the ratio between average load and rated load for a period of time and can be expressed as 78PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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