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Installation of equipment: This cost accounts for transportation of equipment from the factory, insurance, costs of labour, foundations, insulation, cost of working fluid, thermal oil for the waste heat recovery loop and all other expenses related to the erection of a power plant. However, ORC power plants that are assembled into one unit when manufactured are transported relatively cheaply and easily because of their small size. Instrumentation, controls and electrical equipment: The cost of electrical equipment, which for power plants usually includes distribution lines, emergency power supplies etc Piping: The cost of piping in the power plants Engineering and supervision: This category of costs includes the cost of planning and the design of the power plant as well as the manufacturer’s profit, the engineering supervisor, inspection and administration. This is an expensive phase for traditional power plants. However, in ORC standardised units that are preassembled, the cost of supervision is lower as is the time of construction. Construction: Expenses for construction include all the costs of temporary facilities and contractor’s profits. Other outlays consist of the start up costs, working capital and allowance for funds during construction. 4.5.2.2 Start up costs Start up costs are the expenses that have to be spent after the construction of the power plant but before the unit can operate at a full load. They have to cover not only the cost of equipment and work during startup time, but mainly the difference in income which is the result of a partial load during this time. 4.5.2.3 Working capital Working capital is the amount of money needed to cover the costs of power plant operation before receiving payment. The unit should also work without permanent supervision therefore labour costs are relatively low. Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs: Operation and maintenance costs consist of all expenses accrued during the operational phase of the power plant. They 77PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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