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4.4 Feed pump 4.4.1 Pump selection & pressure Pumps are divided into two fundamentals types: kinetic or positive displacement. In kinetic displacement, a centrifugal force of the rotating element, called an impeller, impels kinetic energy to the fluid, moving the fluid from the suction to the discharge. However, positive displacement uses one or several reciprocating pistons, or a squeezing action of meshing gears, lobes, or other moving bodies, to displace the media from one area into another. The centrifugal pumps differ from the positive displacement pumps by their curves relating pressure and flow. The slope of the centrifugal pump curve is mostly horizontal; when increasing the differential pressure, the flow rate delivered decreases [65]. However, the positive displacement pump curve is mostly vertical; when the flow rate does not depend on the pressure head of the pump. The selection of the best-suited technology of pumps depends not only on the volumetric flow rates and the differential pressure, but also on the operating temperatures, inlet pressure, outlet pressure, fluid type, and fluid viscosity. The pump selected has to operate with high efficiency and for flow rates and pressure ratios that depend on the working fluid selected and the desired power output. Regarding the low volumetric flow rates with the corresponding pressure ratio, the positive displacement pump represents the most suitable option for small ORC. On the other hand, ORC pumps should be able to operate with low viscosity fluids and still ensure the desired head, which is only possible with pumps presenting very small clearance between their lobes. In larger ORC units, centrifugal pumps are used where large pressure rises are possible at high flow rates. Sometimes the required pressure ratios can be even higher than a single stage centrifugal pump can handle, the need of multi-stage design is required to cover all operating conditions of the ORC. Though it will represent a high cost and a bulky pump system. 4.4.2 Cavitation The pump operates on the condensate leaving the condenser, and thus precautions have to be taken to prevent cavitation at the inlet. Cavitation occurs when the local pressure in the liquid drops below the saturated vapour pressure corresponding to its operating temperature. The liquid then, partially vaporizes the suction side is filled with vapour and the pump then does not deliver the required flow rate of liquid. The effects of cavitation are manifested by pitting and corrosion like effects on pump. More importantly, however, is the fact that cavitation contributes to significant damage to seal, bearing and pump shafts, consequently resulting in premature component failure and associated maintenance costs. In more common 73PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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