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for cooling towers to compete with water cooled condensers and finally resulting in very marginal gains even by increasing the heat exchanger size. Regarding the need for cold water supply, the order is reversed. In moderate climates, wet cooling towers are preferred as long as a source of cooling water is available. Using a wet cooling tower, working fluid can be cooled down to lower temperatures, which improves the efficiency of the cycle significantly. In terms of costs, water cooled systems are generally considered less expensive to build and operate as long as makeup water is available and cheap. Industrial and geothermal cooling towers are all of the forced draft type, where the air flow through them is induced by mechanically (electrically) driven fans. These absorb quite a significant percentage of the ORC gross power output. Dry cooling is the most expensive option due to the much higher heat capacity and heat transfer coefficient of water compared with ambient air. Although in some arid areas plants using air-cooled condensers may be more cost-effective, their power capacity is highly dependent on weather conditions and their net power output usually fluctuates by 20-25% [7]. 4.3.2 Condenser module The condensing pressure is provided as an input to the global model. The pressure at state 9 is the saturation pressure corresponding to the condensing temperature. For this simulation the condensing pressure is dictated by three parameters the inlet temperature of the cooling water (25°C), the minimum approach temperature (5°C) and the condenser temperature rise (10°C). Hence, the condensation temperature for working fluid is fixed to 40°C. If river water is the coolant, the hot water is dumped back into the river (its temperature is limited because of environmental issues). The technique used to compute performance for the preheater and evaporator is employed here with the condenser and slight sub-cooling (if needed). The only difference is in the constrained variables. In the boiler, pressure is a design variable and mass flow is a function of the heat exchanger performance. In the condensing section, mass flow rate is known (determined in the boiler) and pressure is a function of the condenser performance. Heat transfer in the condenser can occur through three zones also: the desuperheating zone, in which the organic vapour is reduced to saturated vapour, the condensing zone, in which the organic fluid condenses from saturated vapour to saturated liquid, and a subcooling or drain cooling zone, in which the saturated liquid is cooled to a temperature below its saturation temperature. 70PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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