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4.2 Expander 4.2.1 Lubrication The lubrication of expanders used in closed circuit vapour power generating systems in which the lubricant is soluble in, or miscible with the working fluid has been investigated by Smith et al. [4] [5] [44]. In ORC systems it possible that the lubricant is dissolved or emulsified with the liquid phase of the working fluid and a proportion of the liquid phase is fed along the bearing supply path to the bearing where heat generated in the bearing evaporates the working fluid, leaving sufficiently concentrated lubricant in the bearing to provide adequate lubrication of the bearing. The lubricant leaving the bearing and entering the expander travels to the condenser with the working fluid exhaust from the expander. The lubricant again mixes with, or dissolves in the liquid phase formed in the condenser and returns via the feed pump to the heater. Build-up or deposit of lubricant in the evaporator section of the heater, which would reduce its efficiency is prevented by its retention in the liquid recirculating through the evaporator section and partially drawn off to flow through the expander, condenser and feed pump. Advantageously, each bearing supporting the rotary element or elements of the expander is lubricated in this manner. The total mass of lubricant required is not more than 5% of the mass of working fluid. Typically 0.5% to 2% is sufficient [4] [5]. 4.2.2 Benefits of twin screw expander A screw expander comprises a meshing pair of helical lobed rotors contained in a casing which together form a working chamber, the volume of which depends only on the angle of rotation. Twin screw expanders have the following advantages: Unlike the mode of power transmission in turbomachinery, power is transferred between the fluid and the rotor shafts by pressure on the rotors, which changes with the fluid volume. Consequently, the fluid velocities within them are approximately one order of magnitude less than in turbines [4] The twin screw expander has an isentropic efficiency of up to 75% They are compact in size They are inexpensive to manufacture compared to turbines There are no valves to limit the flow Expanders are scalable 63PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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