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Mass flow rate: The mass flow rate of the working fluid should also be low in order to maintain reduced operating costs. Condensing pressure: The working fluid condensing pressure should be higher than the atmospheric pressure to avoid leakage of air into the system. Triple point: The triple point should be below the minimum ambient temperature to ensure that the working fluids will not solidify at any operating temperature or when the system is shut down. Enthalpy variation: The working fluid enthalpy reduction in the expander should be large to increase the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle and to minimize the flow rate of the working fluid. Vapour specific volume: Vapour specific volume at saturation (condensing) conditions give an indication of condensing equipment size. Noticing that organic fluid vapour volume varies by three orders of magnitude between n-pentane (vapour specific volume 0.4m3/kg at 30°C) and n-dodecane (vapour specific volume 400m3/kg at 30°C) highlights the importance of this information in selecting the working fluid. Organic fluids with low saturation vapour volumes, like n-pentane, require smaller condensing equipment and contribute to the choice of these working fluids for applications where minimizing size and complexity is a priority. Heat capacity: A low value of the heat capacity of the liquid leading to ds/dT ~ 0 for the saturated liquid line and a high ratio of the latent heat of vaporization to the liquid heat capacity are favourable. Those properties reduce the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the sub-cooled liquid to the saturation temperature corresponding to the boiling pressure. Operating with finite heat sources, a high heat capacity of the liquid can lead to a higher recovered energy from the heat source and then increases the total efficiency of the cycle. Thermodynamic performance: The efficiency of an ORC is a well known process performance indicator that provides a valid assessment of the potential production of power from the process. The efficiency and/or output power should be as high as possible for the given heat source and heat sink temperatures. 35PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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