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Chapter 2 Working fluid 2.1 Introduction With some of the general differences between water and organic fluids established, it is possible to examine the properties that drive organic fluid selection for particular applications. The proper choice of working fluid in the ORC is of key importance as it has a major effect on the performance of the unit. Because of the low temperature of the heat source, irreversibilities occurring in heat exchangers are very harmful to the overall efficiency of the cycle. These inefficiencies are highly dependent on the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid. A basic requirement for organic working fluids used in ORC power plants is that the pressure of the working fluid in each phase of the cycle should be higher than the atmospheric pressure. It eliminates the risk of air leakages into the cycle. Such inflows are difficult to notice and very dangerous for power plants. The range of organic fluids is such that there are hundreds of working fluids in the market. However, the available pool of refrigerants narrows down significantly, once cost and environmental standards are considered. Because of the zero ozone depletion potential, HFCs have been predominantly chosen as alternative refrigerants replacing CFCs and HCFCs. Since HFCs have a high global warming potential there is still a search for the next generation refrigerants that might have better cycle performance. Another characteristic that must be considered during the selection of an organic fluid is its saturation vapour curve. This characteristic affects the fluid applicability, cycle efficiency, and the arrangement of associated equipment in a power generation system. The working fluids of dry or isentropic type are more appropriate for ORC systems as they do not need superheat and show better thermal efficiencies. 32PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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