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presence of highly transient heat source they have also developed control strategies using Modelica language. 1.10.7 Internal combustion engines An internal combustion engine in vehicle only converts roughly one third of the fuel energy into mechanical power. For instance, for a typical 1.4 litre Spark Ignition ICE, with a thermal efficiency ranging from 15 to 32%, 1.7 to 45 kW of heat is released through the radiator (at a temperature close to 80 - 100°C) and 4.6 to 120 kW through the exhaust gas (400 - 900°C) [3] [8] [31]. The Rankine cycle system is an efficient means for utilising exhaust gas in comparison with other technologies such as thermo-electricity and mechanical turbocompounding. The idea of coupling an ORC system to an ICE is not new. Mack Trucks [32] designed and built a prototype of such a system operating on the exhaust gas of a 288 HP truck engine. A 450 km on-road test demonstrated the technical feasibility of the system and its economic value. A 12.5% improvement in the fuel consumption was achieved. Systems developed today differ from those of the 70’s because of the advances in the development of expansion devices and the broader choice of working fluids [3]. Heavy duty truck engines can recover heat from the exhaust gas [33] [34] and, in addition from the cooling circuit [35]. The control of the system is particularly complex due to the transient nature of the heat source. However, optimizing the control is crucial to improve the performance of the system. For instance, Honda proposed to control the temperature by varying the water flow rate through the evaporator by varying the pump speed and to control the expander supply pressure by varying its rotational speed. Performance of recently developed (2007) prototypes of ORC systems is promising. For instance, the system designed showed a maximum cycle thermal efficiency of 13%. At 100 km/h, this yields a cycle output of 2.5 kW (for an engine output of 19.2 kW). This represents an increase in the thermal efficiency of the engine from 28.9% to 32.7% [3] [33]. 1.11 Expander Turbines are not particularly suitable devices for low power generation machines. So, volumetric machines remain the more likely candidates. A short survey conducted on different positive displacement machines gives their applicability in ORC process. 26PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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