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1.10 Literature review 1.10.1 Heat exchangers technologies for ORC In heat exchanger design, there are three types of flow arrangements: counter-flow, parallel- flow, and cross-flow. Compare to other flow arrangements counter flow is the most efficient design because it transfers the greatest amount of heat. For efficiency, heat exchangers are designed to maximize the surface area of the wall between the two fluids, while minimizing resistance to fluid flow. The basic designs for heat exchangers are the shell-and-tube heat exchanger and the plate heat exchanger, although many other configurations have been developed. Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes so that it can either provide or absorb the heat required. A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of tubes; plain, longitudinally finned, etc. The shell is inherently weaker than the tubes so that the higher-pressure fluid is circulated in the tubes while the lower pressure fluid flows through the shell. When a vapor contains the waste heat, it usually condenses, giving up its latent heat to the liquid being heated. In this application, the vapor is almost invariably contained within the shell. If the reverse is attempted, the condensation of vapors within small diameter parallel tubes causes flow instabilities [1]. Tube and shell heat exchangers are available in a wide range of standard sizes with many combinations of materials for the tubes and shells. Shell and tube heat exchangers are typically used for high-pressure applications (with pressures greater than 30 bar and temperatures greater than 260 °C). This is because shell and tube heat exchangers are robust due to their shape. Another type of heat exchanger is the plate heat exchanger. One is composed of multiple, thin, slightly-separated plates that have very large surface areas and fluid flow passages for heat transfer. This stacked-plate arrangement can be more effective, in a given space, than the shell and tube heat exchanger. Advances in gasket and brazing technology have made the plate- type heat exchanger increasingly practical. Research conducted by Chammas et al. [8] proved the possibility of using plate heat exchanger for boiler and condenser when operating with organic working fluids. The plate heat exchanger has been selected since it represents high effectiveness with a compact size and volume. The effectiveness of the heat transfer process in the boiler and condenser depends essentially on the mean temperature difference at which the heat is delivered or rejected, and the heat transfer coefficients of the working fluid on the both sides of the heat exchangers. 20PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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