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Chapter 1 Introduction and literature review 1.1 Industrial waste heat In a typical developed country as much as 40% of the total fuel consumption is used for industrial and domestic space heating and process heating. Of this, around one third is wasted [1]. Low grade heat has generally been discarded by industry and has become an environmental concern because of thermal pollution. This wasted heat can be lost to the atmosphere at all stages of a process, through inefficient generation, transmission, or during final use of the energy. This has led to the search for technologies which not only reduce the burden on non-renewable sources of energy but also take steps toward a cleaner environment. Also, given the growing scarcity of primary energy resources, achieving increased efficiency of energy conversion processes is one of the key challenges for optimising primary energy use. From this perspective, low temperature waste heat from various processes is becoming more and more attractive as a secondary energy source. Waste heat can be recovered either directly or more commonly, indirectly. Direct heat recovery is often the cheaper option, but its use is restricted by location and contamination considerations. In indirect heat recovery, two fluid streams are separated by a heat transfer surface. Devices that convert low grade heat to electricity and can be retro-fitted to existing plants to increase their efficiency and contribute to their emission reductions are of great interest. Used in this way, technologies that convert low grade heat to electricity can be advantageous on two fronts. Firstly by the improvement of the efficiency of current technology and also in application to sustainable energy sources that are, to date, unexploited. One approach which is found to be highly effective in addressing the above mentioned issues is to make use of low grade heat to generate electric power in an Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system. For low to medium temperature heat sources, organic working fluids offer advantages over water as the working medium, as used in conventional Rankine cycle systems, by increasing the cycle efficiency, thereby enabling more power to be generated. This has been shown to be particularly promising for decentralized combined heat and power production [2]. The recovery of waste heat has a direct effect on the efficiency of the process. This results in both reduced utility consumption and process costs. It also reduces the fuel consumption, which leads to reduction in the flue gas produced. This permits equipment sizes of all flue gas handling equipment such as fans, stacks, ducts, burners, etc. to be reduced in addition to reducing atmospheric pollution. 1PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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