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List of figures Figure 1 Various available waste heat sources for ORC................................................................ 2 Figure 2 Schematic ORC system layout for wet vapour expansion ............................................... 5 Figure 3 T-S diagram for ORC using R245fa with wet vapour expansion ..................................... 5 Figure 4 Schematic superheated ORC system layout .................................................................... 6 Figure 5 T-S diagram for superheated ORC using R245fa............................................................. 6 Figure 6 Schematic ORC with a regenerator ................................................................................. 7 Figure 7 Schematic ORC system with reheat of the partially expanded vapour ........................... 8 Figure 8 T-S diagram for reheat ORC using R245fa ...................................................................... 9 Figure 9 Schematic layout for dual ORC systems ........................................................................ 10 Figure 10 Twin screw expander, a positive displacement machine with pressure ports and direction of rotation [5]............................................................................................................... 11 Figure 11 Under and over expansion losses in a twin screw expander....................................... 11 Figure 12 Vapour curve comparison of water and organic fluids ............................................... 12 Figure 13 T-S diagram for dry fluids (Pentane) ........................................................................... 13 Figure 14 T-S diagram for wet fluids (Water) ............................................................................. 14 Figure 15 T-S diagram for isentropic fluids (R134a).................................................................... 14 Figure 16 T-S diagram for TFC using R254fa............................................................................... 15 Figure 17 T-S diagram for wet vapour cycle using R254fa ......................................................... 16 Figure 18 T-S diagram for superheated cycle using R254fa........................................................ 16 Figure 19 T-S diagram for supercritical cycle using R134a ......................................................... 17 Figure 20 Shell and tube compared to plate and frame heat exchangers .................................. 21 Figure 21 Result of ORC survey ................................................................................................... 31 Figure 22 Reported efficiency vs. waste heat source temperature curve for commercial systems .................................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 23 Criteria list for evaluation working fluids.................................................................... 36 Figure 24 List of working fluids selected and their properties .................................................... 37 Figure 25 Cycle efficiency vs. waste heat source inlet temperature comparison for few working fluids............................................................................................................................................ 38 Figure 26 Net power output vs. waste heat source inlet temperature comparison for few working fluids.............................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 27 Performance of heat transfer fluids (source: Honeywell) ........................................... 40 Figure 28 Schematic ORC system layout for the simulated case ................................................ 42 Figure 29 T-S diagram for feed pump representing losses.......................................................... 44 Figure 30 T-S diagram for expander representing losses............................................................ 45 Figure 31 Losses during transporting fluid in the ORC ................................................................ 46 Figure 32 Power plant performance prediction program ........................................................... 48 Figure 33 Input & output parameters for the P5 ORC model...................................................... 49 Figure 34 Plate heat exchanger (source: Nordic group) ............................................................. 51 Figure 35 Temperature vs. Dryness change in boiler showing pressure drop............................. 55 Figure 36 Temperature change of working fluid and waste heat source along the heat exchanger length (assumption for LMTD) .................................................................................. 56 Figure 37 Preheater evaporator layout for simulation analysis ................................................. 57 Figure 38 Temperature profile vs. Heat transferred in the preheater and evaporator for the simulated ORC case..................................................................................................................... 57 ivPDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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