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Chapter 5 Economic analysis Observing Figure 5.1, one can immediately see that PBTs are in general attractive, despite high specific investment costs: all analysed solutions provide positive results, except for the hybrid configuration if heat sale is not performed all over the year. Besides the incidence of heat sale is clear: passing from 0 h to 7000 h sale, PayBack Times roughly halve, although incomes from heat sale are much lower, in absolute terms, than those from electricity: for instance, GT EXT CER is characterised by 196 k€ earnings from electric energy (same as all the other biomass solutions, obviously) and about 30 k€ and 85 k€ from heat in case of 2500 h or 7000 h sale respectively. Actually, also looking at Net Present Values (Figure 5.2), one can roughly say that, at least for pure biomass solutions, electricity sale allows to get the break-even point and to slightly overcome it, while heat sale provides the added value. Heat sale is even more significant for the hybrid solution. In fact, as mentioned before, this plant only partially enjoys the incentives related to renewable energies (in this configuration the overall fuel power derives from biomass at a rate of 39% and from natural gas at a rate of 61%), therefore the mere electricity sale (which now yields only 111 k€) is not sufficient to cover the investment costs and it is instead necessary to sell thermal energy to reach the break even point. However, it is important to note that the relevance of heat sale is naturally inherent in this power size: as shown in Section 4.3.1, in fact, 100 kWel solutions are roughly characterised by 20 ÷ 25% electrical efficiency and averagely about 70% first law efficiency. This implies that thermal efficiency is about 45 ÷ 50%, i.e. heat production is more than twice the electricity one, and it is thus easy to understand that its recovery and sale can be decisive. However, the best solution seems to be GT EXT CER from all points of view (PBT, NPV and IRR) and in all heat sale configurations: its electrical efficiency is lower than the ICE GAS one, but it has lower investment costs and a higher first law efficiency (due to the fact that it is not affected by the gasification losses), thus higher income from heat sale. On the other hand, GT GAS REG PRES is inevitably penalised by the installation costs (essentially the pressurised gasifier). Finally, as mentioned before, GT HYB, which could be desirable thanks to its plant simplicity, would be justified only in case of continuous thermal recovery and sale and, moreover, its performance would be quite poor compared to the other solutions also as regards this size. Besides, in case of no heat sale, its NPV is even lower than the investment cost: not only the plant does not 181PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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