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Chapter 3 Working hypotheses and preliminary analysis 3.4.2.2 Gas turbines In case of methane feeding, fuel mass flow rate in gas turbines is normally equal to about 2% of the air one11 (i.e. the air to fuel ratio α is about 50). Instead, if syngas is being used, and therefore a tenfold mass flow rate is being required, the incidence would increase to 20%, for the time being assuming that the compressor is working under the same conditions and thus treating the same air mass flow rate. The gas mass flow rate flowing through the turbine would increase accordingly. If this were possible, a mass flow rate increase would result in proportional increase as regards the expander power output and in a more considerable overall net power output increase (about 40%), as, in first analysis, the power absorbed by the compressor would be constant. Nevertheless, the gas mass flow rate increase in the turbine entails an input pressure increase: the compressor is therefore required to supply a higher pressure ratio. This implies that the operation point moves away from the design one, in particular towards the surge line: thus some actions are required to be taken on the plant. Ideally, the best solutions would be an increase in the turbine nozzle area or high-pressure stages addition to the compressor, but from a technical point of view these are burdensome interventions on an existing plant and, moreover, it is not granted that shaft and turbine can bear the higher power output. Therefore normally, air mass flow rate entering the compressor is being reduced, adjusting IGVs (Inlet Guide Vanes) and loosing part of the power increase [2.8]. Moreover, in case of pressurised gasifiers, air exiting the compressor may be partly separated and used to feed the gasifier itself, in order to compensate the fuel (and then gas) mass flow rate increase. On the other hand, it is obvious that these problems would not occur if the gas turbine were specifically designed for syngas feeding (many manufactures are working in this direction). As will be shown in the next chapter, in this work a lot of plant solutions based on commercially available methane-fed gas turbines have been analysed. In particular they have been built up first ideally disassembling the reference plants and then re- assembling the various components (compressor, combustor, turbine, etc.) according to the new different configurations (EFGTs, hybrid solutions, etc.). In case of syngas 11 The presence of the recuperator in micro gas turbines implies that this ratio is lower (about 1%) and the following values are accordingly lower, too. However the concept is absolutely analogous. 116PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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