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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants flammability, low freezing point, high stability at changing temperature, high vaporisation heat, low toxicity, low cost, good availability, high density, etc. [2.20]. Dry fluids are normally used also because it is not easy to find isentropic fluids with all these characteristics. Normally silicon oils are being used: in particular octamethyl- trisiloxane (normally shortened to MDM) [1.27]. As mentioned before, thermal oil working temperature limitations determine a considerable exergy loss, at least in case of biomass combustion. On the other hand this implies that the boiler works under atmospheric conditions and, since in many European countries skilled operators are required to run pressurised boilers, this means manpower cost savings: actually the operation is running totally unmanned (only few hours per week are required for maintenance and inspections [2.18]). Further advantages of the ORC technology are listed below: • high turbine isentropic efficiency (up to 85%); • low mechanical stress in the turbine, due to the low rotational speed (allowed by the high molecular weight of the organic fluid); • direct turbine coupling with the alternator, without need of a gear box, due to the same reason; • no turbine blade erosion, as a consequence of completely dry expansion; • long unit life, thanks to the working fluid characteristics, not eroding and corroding pipes, valves and blades, as water does; • excellent possibility of part-load (down to 10% of the nominal power), with good performance; • high reliability and availability; • water treatment system not required; • simplicity of start-stop and load modulation procedures; • low noise operation [2.21]. Among these, the most significant features are undoubtedly reliability and easy running, which, despite high investment costs (about 1000 ÷ 2500 €/kWel for the ORC unit, 1500 ÷ 3000 €/kWel for the thermal oil boiler, obviously decreasing with increasing size) and not excellent efficiencies (at least in pure electrical terms), sometimes make this technology preferable to other solutions, e.g. gasification, granting higher performance but being also more complex. 85PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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