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The second part of the thesis is focused on the experimental and numerical investigation of the non-classical gas dynamics behavior of dense vapors of single- and multi-component organic flu- ids. Notably, ORC power systems constitute the first foreseen application for the arguments dealt with in this part. Chapter 7 describes the commissioning of the “Flexible Asymmetric Shock Tube” (FAST) exper- imental setup designed and built at the Delft University of Technology. The aim of this Ludwieg Tube facility is to measure the speed of propagation of pressure waves in organic vapors, with the final objective of providing the first experimental evidence of the most exotic non-classical gas dy- namics phenomenon, i.e., the rarefaction shock wave (RSW) in the dense vapor region of fluids formed by complex organic molecules. Furthermore, a number of interesting secondary results can be obtained, such as, notably, speed of sound measurements. The setup components and the con- trol & operation strategy devised are proven to be effective to the end of accurately measuring the speed and the intensity of the propagating waves. Results for several ideal gases are presented. The fast opening valve, which is the most critical component, is characterized in terms of its opening time, which resulted small enough to ensure the complete formation of the phenomenon of interest, i.e. a shock wave, within the shock tube length. This result is confirmed by analyzing a com- pression shock propagating in air. The preliminary results regarding speed of sound measurements performed in the dense-gas region of a molecularly complex organic compound, i.e. siloxane D6, are also discussed. Chapter 8 Presents the first investigation about the non-classical gas dynamics of binary mixtures of organic fluids in the vapour phase, showing how the composition of the mixture is a new relevant variable in the study of BZT fluids. This study has practical implications in that mixtures of organic fluids are considered for applications in ORC power systems, one of the possible applications of non-classical gas dynamics. Furthermore, multicomponent working fluids are often encountered in practice due to impurities, and thermal rearrangement effects. A finite thermodynamic region is predicted where the non-linearity parameter Γ is negative, and therefore non-classical gas dy- namics phenomena are admissible. A non monotone dependence of Γ on the mixture composition is observed in the case of binary mixtures of siloxane and perfluorocarbon fluids, with the mini- mum value of Γ in the mixture being always larger than that of its more complex component. The observed dependence indicates that non-ideal mixing has a strong influence on the gas dynamics be- haviour – either classical or non-classical – of the mixture. Numerical experiments of the supersonic expansion of a mixture flow around a sharp corner show the transition from the classical configu- ration, exhibiting an isentropic rarefaction fan centered at the expansion corner, to non-classical ones, including mixed expansion waves and rarefaction shock waves, if the mixture composition is changed. 237PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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