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Chapter 9 This thesis presents the original results of the experimental and numerical research conducted by the author and his colleagues, aimed at investigating the potential of molecularly heavy and complex organic compounds as working fluids for the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power systems of the future. The material presented is at the basis of several publications on peer-reviewed in- ternational journals: five papers are already published, one has been accepted for publication, and two are about to be submitted for publication. The work is divided in self-contained chapters, each addressing a specific sub-topic, with its own concluding remarks. The general conclusions and their practical implications are treated in the following, marked with the and the sign, respectively. The first part of the thesis presents several contributions to the research in the field of energy con- version systems, focusing on ORC turbo-generators. Chapter 2 presents the first review work covering the historical developments, the status of the art, and the future foreseen for the ORC power systems technology. A comprehensive overview of the applications, technical solutions, and of the ORC plants which reached commercial operation in the last 20 years is presented, with a collection of data harvested within the major manufacturers. The work is intended as a reference for both the Academic and the Industrial audience and, in the authors’ opinion, could prove particularly useful in avoiding the repetition of studies/attempts/experiments which have been already carried out in the past. Furthermore, the presented outlook to the future might help in defining the strategic objectives to be pursued in order to advance the ORC power systems field. Chapter 3 explores the main envisaged research paths in the field of ORC turbo-expanders design, i.e., the development of generalized design methodologies, and the assessment of non-conventional machine architectures. The first critical evaluation of the centrifugal or radial-outflow turbine (ROT) architecture as a candidate technology for ORC systems is presented. It is discussed how the simplifying assumptions usually adopted in the axial turbines practice are typically not applicable for ROT machines. It is concluded that, in order to design efficient ROTs, it is needed that the blade discharge geometric angles, the radial chords, the stage expansion ratios, and the reaction degrees are allowed to vary among each cascade, and that the diameter and the speed of revolution are included among the optimization variables. A novel design methodology for the preliminary sizing of ROTs in the power size range from several MWE down to few kWE is presented, which covers most of the applications foreseen today. The in-house mean-line optimization code zTurbo, which allows to determine the prelimi- nary design of ORC turbines of various configurations and working with different fluids, is introduced and adopted to verify the novel method by presenting several exemplary design exercises. The design of two 1 MWE centrifugal turbines is presented, a transonic six-stage and a supersonic three-stage machines. These expanders handle an expansion ratio of 60, and rotate at 3000 RPM. Simplifications derived from the axial-turbines practice are adopted in order to illustrate their consequences. The results of the design exercise carried out with 230PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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