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Chapter 7 is also in good agreement with (i.e. approx. 50 mbar above) the experimental observation reported in Fig. 7.10. To be noted also that the expected speed for the RSW is of the order of 100 m s−1, making it comparatively simpler to be detected than the wave just presented. 500 450 400 350 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 t [s] Figure 7.11: Wave speed measurement determined with the time-of-flight method. The black dots are determined by comparing PIT3 with PIT4, while the white dots PIT1 with PIT2. To fully show the capabilities of the setup, the results of wave speed measurements are presented for an expansion in siloxane D6 in the classical domain (i.e. outside the BZT region), up to fluid temperatures close to 300 ◦C. Fig. 7.12 shows several temperature signals as recorded during the test campaign. The setup is heated from cold conditions and, as soon as a temperature of 250 ◦C is reached, the valve between the HFT and the RT is opened. Part of the liquid is flashed and the temperature of the liquid therefore drops of several degrees. After ≈ 11 hours, the super-heating is set to 5 ◦C. The first opening of the FOV is performed at ≈ 12 hours. After that, the super- heating is raised to 45 ◦C, and two more FOV openings are executed. The pressure signals recorded during the second of these experiments are shown in Fig. 7.13. The procedure is thus repeated after having increased the saturation temperature up to 290 ◦C, with 5 ◦C of super-heating. The measured fluctuations in temperature in the reference tube and charge tube were of a long period of the order of 2 hours, and with an amplitude of up to 3 ◦C. Further optimization of the thermal control algorithm is planned for experiments at higher temperatures. The TOF method, applied only to the PIT1 and PIT2 signals, is used to evaluated the wave speed in this section as a function of the pressure drop, since PIT3 and PIT4 are disturbed by the bouncing rarefaction wave, as shown in Fig. 7.13b. Also in this case, the rarefaction waves travel with a velocity equal to the difference between the speed of sound and the local flow velocity. Since the fluid is initially at rest, the wave speed estimated by the TOF method for a pressure drop close to zero tends to the speed of sound, see Fig. 7.14. Being the thermodynamic conditions in the CT mea- sured, it is possible to obtain an evaluation of the speed of sound also by recurring to the equation of state of siloxane D6 [19], obtaining a value of 94.8 m s−1 (in doing so, the uncertainty in the mea- 194 -1 Wave speed [m s ]PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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