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Chapter 7 (a) 4 3 2 1 0 PIT1, PIT2 PIT3, PIT4 4.02 4 3.98 3.96 (b) 1 1.1 1.2 t [s] 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.99 1.01 Figure 7.7: Original signals from an expansion in nitrogen. 7.7a: complete expansion, the two couples of signals, corresponding to the two measurement stations are visible. 7.7b: detail of the very first expansion, it is possible to distinguish the four signals and the subsequent pressure drops corresponding to the FOV opening sequence. isentropic and the fluid velocity after the expansion can be evaluated by using the Riemann invariant in the undisturbed state in the CT before opening the valve [49]. The estimated value of tFOV does not take the nozzle into account and is thus higher than the actual valve opening time. However, for the formation of an RSW, the characteristics should coalesce, so it is the estimated opening time that we measure using this technique that is important. Fig. 7.9 shows the signals of the same experiment in N2 as displayed in Fig. 7.7, but then mapped to the valve position. The signals now overlap initially, giving evidence of a correct map- ping procedure. The rarefaction waves propagate through the tube and reflect at the end of the charge tube. Because the reflection of the first rarefaction wave arrives earlier at the sensor loca- tion of PT3 than the last unreflected rarefaction wave, a non-simple region is created. This makes signals PT3 and PT4 unuseful for determination of the valve opening sequence. This shows up in the mapped signal as diverting from the other signals because the fluid velocity then is incorrectly evaluated. In order to have a consistent evaluation without disturbance of the noise, the opening time is in this case defined as the difference in time instance when 5% of the pressure drop has occurred until 95% of the pressure drop, based on the mapped signal. An overview of the performed measurements can be found in table 7.1. The throat area in the nozzle affects the measured opening time as was expected. With a very small throat area of approx. 68mm2, the opening time measured is between 2.1 and 3.2 ms. With the nominal throat area of approx. 466 mm2, the opening time measured between 3.5 and 4.5 ms. This can be explained by the fact that the characteristics travel through the nozzle and are curved. The total opening time, i.e. the duration from the instance the sliding cylinder moves away from the seal until full opening of the valve, increased significantly after many shots in N2, CO2, He, and 190 1 P [bar] P [bar] PIT1 2 3 PIT3 PIT2 1 t [s] PIT4PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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