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7.3.7 Condenser and flow return pipe A pneumatic valve connects the LPP to the condenser (COND). The condenser is a cylindrical vessel with outer diameter of 168.28 mm, 7.11 mm thick walls, and welded cooling ribs. The condensed liquid flows from the bottom of the condenser into the flow return line (RL). This pipe is connected through another pneumatic valve to the HFT. 7.4 Data Acquisition and Control system In the following, the control strategy necessary to reach and maintain the desired thermodynamic conditions in the CT is illustrated. A major challenge is the avoidance of hot-spots, which pose a serious danger in terms of decomposition of the working fluid. 7.4.1 Vapour generator control As anticipated, saturation conditions are enforced during normal operation, and controlled by mon- itoring the presence of liquid through the level meter measurement (i.e. LL in Fig. 7.4). To this end, the quantity of working fluid initially loaded in the HFT has to be carefully measured. As a consequence, a single thermodynamic quantity is enough to characterize the state of the fluid in the HFT: the pressure and temperature sensors available, i.e. TE1.0 (accuracy 0.1 % of its 400 ◦C range) and P1.0 (accuracy 0.1 % of its 10 bar range), are used for this scope (with redundancy). The fluid in the HFT can be brought to a different saturation point by increasing/decreasing the thermal input to the HFT, by acting on the heaters (the involved transformation is isochoric). To be noted that the pressure level thus established in the HFT, during normal operation, is common to the RT and the CT (with all the valves opened). Furthermore, the saturation temperature is also estimated from the pressure reading through the equation of state presented in Ref. [19]. A digital PID controller regulates the power supply to the bottom band heater, based on the set-point imposed for the value thus obtained. There are several advantages in performing the control based on this calculated saturation temperature instead than on direct measurements: (i) the controlled variable is expected to promptly reacts since it is based on a pressure measurement (less affected by thermal inertia phenomena), (ii) the same PID parameters can be used throughout the entire operating range, and (iii) the long transient involved when the setup is heated from cold conditions can be managed in a more efficient and safe way. In total nine k-type thermocouples measure the wall temperature at several locations, of which four are used for control purposes and the others for monitoring only. The power supplies to all the secondary heaters are individually controlled in order to maintain their temperatures slightly below the saturation value. 7.4.2 Reference Tube control The main purpose of the reference tube (RT) is to bring the fluid it contains at the desired conditions of super-heating. In turn, this is directly measured as the difference between the temperature in the RT (from the PT-100 sensor TE2.0 in Fig. 7.4, accuracy 0.1 % of the 400 ◦C range), and that measured in the HFT (through TE1.0). A PID controller directly regulates this difference, i.e. the super-heating, by acting on the heater equipping the RT. Commissioning of the FAST setup 187PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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