PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 191
Chapter 7 observed so far. Compared to the amount of theoretical and numerical studies on non-classical gas dynamics, a comparatively limited amount of effort has been devoted to experimental assess- ments, mainly due to the technical difficulties related to the observation of these fleeting waves, as discussed in Refs. [24, 25]. A first attempt has been carried out in the former USSR by Borisov and colleagues in 1983 [26, 27] who claimed to have measured a RSW in Freon-13 (trifluorochloromethane, CCl3F). Fer- gason et al. [24, 28] and others [22, 29] refute that this could have been a RSW in the single phase region and provide alternative interpretations of that experiment by pointing towards critical point phenomena and two-phase effects. Recent studies show that the fundamental derivative of gas dy- namics indeed is negative in the two-phase critical point region [30] and that rarefaction shockwaves are possible in close-to-critical conditions [31]. In the early 2000’s, a shock-tube experiment has been pursued at the University of Colorado at Boulder, with the aim of producing a RSW in perfluorocarbon fluid PP10 (Perfluorofluorene, C13F22), see Ref. [24]. The experiment eventually failed because the working fluid underwent thermal decomposition due to the extremely high operating temperature. This put into evidence one of the major obstacles, namely that the BZT thermodynamic region is very close to the thermal decomposition temperature of suitable organic fluids, which is in the range 350–400 oC. In addition, the repeatable rupture of the shock-tube diaphragm proved unattainable due to the relatively small pressure difference and the large acoustic impedance of the fluid [32, 33]. 7.3 The FAST Set-Up Building on the experience acquired during the Boulder experiment, the novel FAST set-up for the generation of RSWs has been conceived, designed and constructed at the Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, with the participation of an international consortium of academic and industrial partners, as documented in Ref. [25]. Siloxanes have been selected as the working fluid class for the available knowledge regarding their thermal stability [34, 35], thermodynamic properties [19, 36–38], and their use as working fluids in thermal energy conversion systems [39–41]. Moreover, the products of thermal decom- position of siloxanes are non-toxic polymers, whereas thermal decomposition of perfluorocarbons may result in highly corrosive hydrofluoric acid (HF) and possibly other very toxic compounds. Furthermore, the flammability of siloxanes is far lower than that of hydrocarbons. Few of the compounds of the siloxane family are candidate BZT fluids [18]. Initially, D6 is chosen as working fluid as the result of a trade-off between the size of the predicted BZT region and the thermal stability of the fluid. The design of the RSW experiment drove studies aimed at better identifying the thermody- namic region within which non-classical phenomena are admissible, see, e.g., Ref [42]. Given that the experimental conditions are difficult to realize and that the rarefaction shock wave is expected to be weak, therefore more challenging to measure, several authors proposed methods aimed at relaxing the experimental constraints by producing comparatively stronger phenomena [28]. In particular, Guardone et al. [43] presented an analytical procedure to identify the thermo- dynamic states resulting in the RSW exhibiting the maximum pressure difference, the RSW with maximum Mach number, and the RSW with the largest strength, over the entire dense-vapour ther- modynamic region of a given BZT fluid. Uncertainty quantification applied to flow simulations has been preliminarily used, as an aid in determining the optimal experimental conditions [44]. 180PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
PDF Search Title:
New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power SystemsOriginal File Name Searched:
PhDTesis_ECasati.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |