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100 80 60 SM = 3.5 SM = 2.5 SM = 2.0 SM = 1.5 5 10 15 20 h [eq. hours] TES 6 4 2 0 SM = 3.5 SM = 2.5 SM = 2.0 SM = 1.5 5 10 15 20 h [eq. hours] TES Chapter 6 6.2a, whereby the yearly revenue (Rev) is shown as a function of the TES system capacity hTES , for several SM values. As expected, the revenue increases for larger SM values (larger solar fields) and, (a) (b) Figure 6.2: Yearly simulation results in terms of revenue from electricity placement on the market (i.e., Rev, ordinates axis). The results are shown as a function of the TES system capacity (i.e. hTES, abscissae axis). The symbols refer to the SM values. 6.2a comparison between the reference SAM model (dashed lines) and the Modelica model documented in this work (solid lines). 6.2b percentage differences between the two models predictions. for a given SM value, tends to grow as the size of the storage is increased, that is, as the amount of energy which needs to be dumped through defocusing is reduced. On the other hand, a maximum revenue is reached for each SM value, beyond which an increase of hTES does not influence further the revenue. As reported in Fig. 6.2b, the predictions of the two models are in close agreement. Further- more, the larger deviations, of the order of 5%, are encountered for plant layouts of negligible practical interest, i.e., those characterized by large solar fields and comparatively small storage ca- pacity. It is therefore proved that the adopted assumptions allow to develop a comparatively simple model, able of accurately predict the yearly system performance. This simplified model is thus used to carry on the comparison between the reference and the op- timized operation strategy, see §6.3. In order to provide the first insight, the results regarding a 10-days summer period are presented in Fig. 6.3. The considered tariff was adopted by the utility company Pacific Gas and Electric in 2011, as defined in SAM [26]. The observed system is char- acterized by a comparatively small storage capacity with respect to the field size. The time period starts with a week-end, which has a different fTOD schedule. In order to perform the comparison on a fair basis, the initial and final state of the TES in the optimization problem are constrained to be the same as they are in the simulation using the SAM control. First of all, it can be noted from Fig. 6.3a that the use of optimal control allowed to increase the revenue of the period of about 7%, from 2.92 to 3.13 M$. The defocusing operation, envisaged in both cases, is managed differently, affecting the mass flow rate through the receiver, see, e.g., Fig. 6.3b. The same graph shows how the power block operation varies as a consequence of the 158 Rev. [M$] ∆Rev. [%]PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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