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Design of CSP Plants with Optimally Operated Thermal Storage 6.2 Modeling Framework The CSP plant selected as a test case is a state-of-the-art 100 MWE molten salts plant with direct storage, whose schematic layout is shown in Fig. 6.1. The general modelling framework closely follows the one used by SAM, as described in [26], therefore the following main simplifying as- sumptions hold: 1. the HTF temperature at the receiver outlet is assumed to be always kept at its nominal value TREC, out. Also the temperature of the HTF exiting the steam generator, i.e., TTES-C, in, is assumed to be constant within the considered operating range. The heat losses in the piping are neglected, leading to the equalities TREC, out = TTES-H, in and TREC, in = TTES-C, out. Furthermore, also the storage tanks are supposed to be adiabatic, that is, perfectly thermally insulated, such that TTES-H, in = TTES-H, out, and TTES-C, in = TTES-C, out. As a consequence, only two temperature levels are present in the system model, as indicated in Fig. 6.1. 2. Parasitic losses introduced to account for energy storage in the semi-steady framework of the SAM program have not been modelled: this is the case of the energy consumptions and time delays associated with the start-up and shut down of all the subsystems [26]; 3. energystorageisexplicitlymodelledonlyintheTEStanks,sincethe(controlled)dynamics of the receiver system and power block is much faster; 4. the temperature dependency of the thermodynamic properties of the HTF, i.e., density and specific heat, is neglected; 5. perfectknowledgeoffuturesolarirradiationvaluesisassumed,basedoncustomarilyadopted weather data files such as those described in [27]. As shown in the following, these assumptions can enormously reduce the complexity of the design problem, while preserving the consistency of the results with respect to a corresponding omni- comprehensive SAM model. For simplicity and numerical robustness, all the power variables are normalized with respect to the nominal power block thermal power, all the mass flow rate variables to the corresponding mass flow rate, and the TES tank level to its nominal height. Notably, following the above mentioned assumptions and simplifications, the equalities mPB = QPB and mHTF = QHTF hold, relating the circulating mass flow rate of HTF through the power block and the receiver to the thermal power transferred within the same subsystems. The general design data considered, i.e., the variables which are fixed in this work, are collected in Tab. 6.1. The operating limits regarding the receiver and the power block are expressed in terms of minimum/maximum fractions (i.e., f min / f max ) of the relative design values for the incident radiative power QREC,inc, and for the mass flow rate fed to the steam generator mPB. Similarly, the maximum storage level is equal to the nominal tank height, while the minimum value is given an absolute value. Based on all the above mentioned assumptions, the system model contains a single dynamic equa- tion, describing the state of charge of the TES, and several algebraic equations, describing the power block and the TES operation set points. The solar input can be defined in terms of the power avail- able to the receiver QREC,inc,av (i.e., the total radiative flux which may reach the receiver if the solar field is fully focused) as QREC,inc,av = DNI(t, loc) ASF ηopt (t, loc, SF) ǫavail ǫrefl . (6.1) In Eq. 6.1, the functional dependence of DNI and of the field optical efficiency ηopt from the time- varying weather conditions (t), and from the plant location (loc), is made explicit. As anticipated, 153PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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