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Design of CSP Plants with Optimally Operated Thermal Storage o T =T =T =565 C Receiver on Tower Q REC, inc T T DNI REC, out TES-H, in TES-H, out T TES-C, in =T =T TES-C, out o =290 C Hot TES tank T TES-C, out Heliostats Field T REC, in TES-H, in REC, out REC, in TT TES-H, out Cold TES tank TES-C, in Power Block Dry Condenser Steam Gen. Figure 6.1: Schematic layout of the Gemasolar 20 MWE solar tower plant, capable of 15 hours of full-load off-sun operation thanks to the storage system, adapted from [11]. The main simplification adopted in the model presented here, i.e., the neglection of thermal losses in all the subsystems apart from the receiver (see §6.2), is also made explicit. working fluid in both the solar receiver and the storage subsytems, i.e., they implement the so- called direct TES concept [9], which may be sized such that it provides several hours of nominal operation without solar radiation [10]. The schematic layout of the first commercial plant of this type, operating in Spain since 2011, is shown in Fig. 6.1. The storage unit completely decouples the power block from the variable solar energy source, which is beneficial for both plant efficiency and reliability: in order to achieve better overall per- formance during the day, the control techniques for CSP systems usually aim at maintaining the solar receiver outlet temperature close to its nominal value, by varying the heat transfer fluid (HTF) mass flow rate. However, in the absence of significant energy storage, the operating point of the power block needs to follow the variations of the solar radiation, as discussed in Refs. [12, 13]. On the contrary, the integraton of a direct TES system into the power plant allows to use an additional control variable, i.e., the mass flow rate from the storage tank to the primary heat exchanger (steam generator). Thus, the receiver outlet temperature and the power delivered to the conversion cycle can be controlled independently. This makes it possible to sustain constant power output during short transients (e.g., clouds passage), or to shift the production to better meet variable-price tariffs. In the present work, according to a scheme currently adopted mainly in the USA, the produced electricity is supposed to be sold to a utility company at the previously negotiated power purchase agreement (PPA) bid price, multiplied by time-of-day (TOD) factors pre-defined by the applicable tariff, which account for the higher value that the produced power has during peak hours. The PPA price is thus negotiated by the producer in order to balance the investment and operational costs, and hopefully make a profit. For a detailed description of the PPA approach and how this allows to overcome the shortcomings of the other commonly adopted metric, i.e., the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), the interested reader is referred to the works of Ref. [14] and [15]. The availability of a TES system coupled with variable energy prices demands for an opti- mized operation of the plant, maximizing the revenues by exploiting the TES ability to shift the production to higher priced time slots. This problem has been considered by many authors in recent times, see, e.g., [16–18]. With reference to real-time operation, Ref. [19] discusses the potential of weather forecast-based operation of CSP plants, stressing the importance of forecast quality. In Refs. [20, 21], a methodology to maximize the revenues for a plant operating in a free energy 151PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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