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Chapter 6 Abstract Concentrated solar power plants are increasingly considered worldwide, in order to meet the demand for renewable power generation. A distinctive feature of these plants is the possibility of integrating thermal energy storage such that full-load operation can be sustained for several hours in the absence of solar radiation. A number of design software tools are available for sizing the plant and evaluating the return on investment. These usually assume a short-sighted strategy for storage management. This work presents a new methodology aimed at assessing the potential of optimal control techniques when applied to the operation of energy storage systems in general. The design method is applied to a test case, a state-of-the-art central receiver plant with direct storage, using molten salts as working fluid, and operating in a context of variable electricity prices. The system modelling and optimization problems are formulated and implemented using modern high- level modelling languages, thus demonstrating the potential of the approach. Different operating strategies are compared based on a detailed financial analysis. A wide system design space is considered, and the results are presented for all the foreseeable combinations of solar field size and storage system capacity. A potential increase of the order of 5% in terms of yearly revenue is estimated, in case improved control strategies are adopted. This figure translates into an increase of more than 10% of the investment profitability by considering over-life financial figures. It is further shown how, in case of state-of-the-art systems, it is always profitable to adopt optimal control to the end of increasing electricity production. However, the potential of these techniques is discussed also under the point of view of investment cost reduction, since the same yearly revenue can be harvested with smaller energy storage, if optimally operated. This aspect, unveiled here for the first time, might become significant in case technologies with different cost structure are of interest, i.e., in case the storage cost constitutes a comparatively large part of the total investment. The novel method is thus an additional decision tool allowing to treat the storage operation strategy as a new relevant design variable for next generation energy systems. 6.1 Introduction Evolving towards a society not depending on fossil fuels is becoming a matter of the greatest inter- est, as it is increasingly clear that the current energy consumption and generation trend is not sustain- able, due to the exhaustion of fossil fuel resources and its effects on climate change [1, 2]. Devices to convert concentrated solar energy into useful work have been designed for over a century [3–5]. The oil crisis triggered substantial R&D on solar energy conversion, and pilot plants were built during the 1980s. In recent years, renewed interest in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants has sparked a new surge in investments; in 2011 the power capacity of the CSP plants that were op- erational worldwide totalled 1.3 GWE, that of plants under construction amounted to 2.3 GWE, while that of planned plants added up to 31.7 GWE [6]. A very relevant advantage of CSP power plants compared to other renewable energy conversion options is that the installation can integrate a comparatively inexpensive thermal energy storage system (TES), enabling power to be generated when the sun is not shining, and contributing to their distinctive ability to provide dispatchable electricity. Recent research aimed at quantifying the added values of CSP dispatchability, the key findings being: i) the dispatchability of CSP adds quantifiable economic benefits, ii) the flexibility of CSP can aid the integration in the grid of other renewable energy technologies, such as solar photovoltaics [7]. Of all CSP technologies available today, that of central receiver systems (CR, also known as solar towers) is moving to the forefront, and it might become the technology of choice. The interested reader is referred to Ref. [8] for a thorough review of the history of this technology, the state of the art, and the ongoing R&D efforts. State-of-the-art CR systems use molten salts as the 150PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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