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Chapter 5 and of the working fluid in liquid phase contained in the heat exchangers. Note that, while the mass of the exhaust gases is negligible, that of the liquid cyclopentane contained in the OTB and in the recuperator is approximately 15 times larger than its mass in the vapor phase. The peak of T6 is reported as a function of volume in Figure 5.10b. This value is of paramount importance, being closely related to the maximum temperature reached by the ORC working fluid. This is eventually encountered in the fluid layer close to the metal wall in the boiler (OTB) but, as a consequence of the approximations introduced in §5.4.2, the accurate evaluation of its value is presently beyond the capability of the developed models. As a rough estimation, design point calcu- lations using the methodology outlined in §5.4.1 indicate that the wall temperature of cyclopentane in the hotter part of the OTB is expected to be 10-30 ◦C higher than the corresponding bulk value. As the thermal stability of the working fluid is a major concern in the design of ORC systems, the minimum risk of decomposition should be ensured. In a recent work, Ginosar and colleagues identified 300 ◦C as the upper temperature limit for safe operations of an ORC system working with cyclopentane [35]. Therefore, a maximum temperature at the turbine inlet of 270 ◦C can be accepted, which is also in agreement with other published information, see e.g. Ref. [12]. The dynamic analysis allows to identify a clear minimum for T6 which, for the considered case, lies at around 250 ◦C, with a volume of 65 m3. Values close to 265 ◦C are achieved for both smaller and larger volumes. Even though the estimated safety limit is not exceeded, the designs characterized by values of volume ranging from 60 to 80 m3 may be deemed preferable in the light of the present analysis, as they are located in vicinity of the minimum T6. 5.6 Conclusions The design of innovative energy conversion systems conceived for flexible operation needs to take into account dynamic requirements on critical transient scenarios as early as possible in the design cycle, in order to avoid costly design changes in later phases, or sub-optimal system performance. The methodology and tools presented in this chapter constitute a first step in this direction. The design tool DYNDES presented here demonstrates the potential of this preliminary auto- mated design method, if the main design objectives are aspects such as system performance, com- pactness and flexibility. The software utilizes the multi-objective optimization approach to search for optimal designs with potentially conflicting objectives, which the user can select based on the specific requirements of the system under investigation. As the routine optimizes the geometry of the heat transfer equipment, such a procedure bridges the gap between the mere optimization of the thermodynamic cycle and the preliminary design of system components that constitutes the first step towards the realization of power systems. The system response during transients becomes one of the crucial design criteria, leading to the exclusion from the optimal solutions of several designs which do not satisfy dynamic requirements, e.g., the tolerance on network frequency variations. The proposed methodology has been applied to the case study of an ORC-based combined cycle power plant for an off-grid oil platform. The test cases demonstrates how dynamic analysis enables to exclude those system configurations which, although potentially more efficient or com- pact, may lead to unacceptable frequency fluctuations, or increase the risk of decomposition of the working fluid. The proposed methodology and tools are readily applicable to other systems combining gas turbines and ORC power modules, and it can also be extended to cover other cases of advanced en- ergy conversion systems with demanding dynamic requirements, such as off-grid energy conversion systems, heat recovery in automotive engines, solar thermal plants, etc. 142PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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