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Chapter 5 Abstract This chapter presents a methodology to help in the definition of the optimal design of power generation systems. The innovative element is the integration of requirements on dynamic performance into the system design procedure. Operational flexibility is an increasingly important specification of power systems for base- and part-load operation. Thus, it is crucial to discard, in an early phase of the design process, plant configurations which feature unacceptable dynamic performance. The test case is the preliminary design of an off-grid power plant serving an off-shore platform where one of the three gas turbines is combined with an organic Rankine cycle turbo- generator to increase the overall energy efficiency. At the core of the procedure is a stationary model, capable of performing the on-design thermodynamic cycle calculation, and the design of the components of the system. The results of these simulations are used within the framework of a multi- objective optimization procedure to identify a number of equally optimal system configurations. A dynamic model of each of these systems is automatically parameterized, by inheriting its parameters values from the design model. Dynamic simulations allow then to discriminate among the initial set of solutions, thus providing the designs that also comply with dynamic requirements. 5.1 Introduction The recent liberalization of the electricity markets, along with the rapid expansion of the utiliza- tion of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar radiation, is stressing the necessity-opportunity of improving the flexibility of power generation systems [1]. New power technologies play therefore a significant role in providing such flexibility, and the electricity indus- try has acknowledged that this need will increase in the near future [2]. In the case of base-load power plants, changes to the scheduling procedures are leading to the latest combined-cycle gas turbine units being designed to operate efficiently and reliably under a wide range of rapidly vary- ing conditions. Furthermore, both new coal and nuclear power plants are conceived with increased capability of operating under fast-load variations. In addition, older power stations are retrofitted in order to increase dynamic operation performance [3]. Operational flexibility is mandatory for off-grid power systems, and often preserving high energy conversion efficiency is also demanded. The electrification of remote areas is widely studied [4], together with the powering of industrial installations with systems operating in island [5]. In this context, system dynamic modeling and simulation is becoming a powerful design tool, especially if the level of detail of system and component models can be tuned to the design needs. In a recent work, Garcia and colleagues investigated options to increase the robustness of energy networks, by simulating energy flow scenarios in which multiple forms of energy commodities, such as electricity and chemical products, may be exchanged [6]. They studied the interactions between the grid and such advanced hybrid energy systems, by using dynamic models of various units and simulating their operation. Concerning the detailed study of advanced power systems, Zhu and colleagues analyzed distributed combined cycle plants based on micro gas turbines and fuel cells, with the aim of reducing the costs related to ancillary services in a deregulated market [7]. A detailed model of a complete combined cycle, based on a steam Rankine unit cascaded to a gas turbine, developed in order to study and optimize its start-up procedure is presented in Ref. [8]. Model-based control techniques for the same type of power plant are dealt with in Ref. [9]. Notwithstanding the mentioned advancements, to the knowledge of the author the integration of dynamic performance analysis into the design process has not been considered yet. Discarding plant configurations featuring unacceptable dynamic performance (e.g., ramp-up and -down time) at a very early design phase can be very valuable. A traditional design approach, mainly aimed at increasing steady-state efficiency, might lead to systems that cannot comply with 122PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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