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0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 900 800 1234 700 600 0.09 100 0.22 0.50 1.00 p =p[bar] flash d 150 200 T =T[C] flash d CR 250 300 o 20 4 15 3 10 2 1234 51 N T T p T@q=1 line max,R 1 0.808 2 0.888 3 0.949 4 0.998 max max d d 253.1 6.19 192.1 278.2 8.86 228.0 297.3 11.50 257.5 312.7 14.20 288.2 00 0.09 100 0.22 0.50 1.00 1.83 3.09 4.92 7.47 10.9 pCR 300 p =p[bar] flash d 150 200 T =T[C] flash d 250 o NTTpT line max,R max max d 1 0.808 253.1 6.19 19 2 0.888 278.2 8.86 22 3 0.949 297.3 11.50 25 4 0.998 312.7 14.20 28 q =1 d 2.1 8.0 7.5 8.2 Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Powered ORC Engines @ 500 1.83 3.09 4.92 7.47 10.9 p (a) Solid black lines: global system efficiency. (b) Solid black lines: equivalent electrical energy Dashed black lines: area of the solar field. density. Dashed black lines: total mass flow en- tering the flashing subsytem (i.e., extracted from the storage vessel) Figure 9: Detailed analysis of the performance of a flashing-cycle ORC system, in case D4 is the working fluid. For different maximum temperature levels (Tmax ≡ Tc = TST), the quantities of interest are plotted as a function of the flashing temperature (Tflash = Td); The corresponding vapor pressure is also indicated. For each value of Tmax, the value of Td whereby complete flashing evaporation is reached (Td for which qd = 1) is plotted as a solid grey line. For increasingly higher Tmax, the corresponding ηSYS,glob values tend to become constant in the region where ηSYS,glob,max occurs. This implies that, for higher values of Tmax, extending the throttling down to saturated vapour conditions leads to a comparatively low efficiency decrease with respect to ηSYS,glob,max. Figure 9a shows the variation of the SF area ASF, which, having imposed the system net power output, is directly related with ηSYS,glob. If EEED (eq. 9) is considered, figure 9b shows how strongly this quantity is dependent upon Td. The figure displays that a relative maximum of the EEED corresponds to the situation whereby the working fluid is flashed down to saturated vapor conditions. The locus of such maxima, for varying Tmax, corresponds to the line for D4 of fig. 8. Since this operating condition allows for important advantages (such as maximum storage density for the given Tmax, and simplification of the flashing system layout), without implying noteworthy efficiency penalties, it can be considered as a reasonable working condition for a system implementing the FC configuration, especially when storage temperatures close to the critical temperature of the working fluid are considered. A.3 System Components Dynamic Modelling The dynamic models of the system components, as shown in figure 4.4a, are described in this sec- tion, following the treatment presented in Ref. [47]. SOLAR FIELD 111 ηglob,SYS [-] 2 A [m] SF 3 EEED [kWh /m ] m ̇ [kg/s] out-st E stPDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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