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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 T [-] c,R D -EC 6 D -FC 6 D -EC 4 D -FC 4 MDM-EC MDM-FC 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 D -EC 6 D -FC 6 D -EC 4 D -FC 4 MDM-EC MDM-FC 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 T [-] c,R Chapter 4 (a) Global system efficiency ηSYS,glob as a func- (b) Turbine volumetric expansion ratio VRturb as tion of TR,max. a function of TR,max. Figure 7: Elements for comparison between corresponding evaporative and flashing ORC systems for different working fluids. In case of flash cycles, throttling down to saturated vapor conditions is assumed. The quantity ηSYS,glob can be considered as the key merit parameter in the comparison, since it is directly related with the area of the solar field and, thus, to the main cost-driver of any CSP installa- tion [68]. However, also considerations about other critical components, such as the turboexpander and the storage system, should be accounted for in order to better define a suitable working fluid and the operating conditions for the given application. In particular the specific cost of the turbine, for small-scale ORC systems, strongly influences the cost of the power block. Figure 7b shows the turbine volumetric expansion ratio (VRturb = (V ̇in/V ̇out)turb) as a function of maximum cycle reduced temperature TR,max. The volumetric expansion ratio strongly influences the design/complexity of the expander and therefore its cost [69]. For a given fluid and TR,max, the expansion due to the throttling process causes the enthalpy drop across the expander and VRturb to be significantly lower in the FC than in the EC case. Smaller expansion specific work and smaller volumetric expansion ratio allow for the design of a more efficient turbine in the FC case than in the EC case, if the level of technology (therefore cost) is to be the same. Note that if higher turbine efficiency for the FC case is accounted for, the differences in ηSYS,glob shown in figure 7a between the FC and EC configurations would be further reduced. In case flashing is considered as the discharge method of an hypothetical storage system (see sec. 4.4.2), state c can be regarded as the state of the fluid extracted from the storage vessel, such that Tmax ≡ Tc = TST. This holds for the case-study presented in §4.5, whose storage density EEED (see sec. 4.3) can be evaluated as E E E D = W ̇ n e t · ρ l s [ k W h E m − 3 ] ( 9 ) m ̇ v a p + m ̇ l i q 3 6 0 0 S T In this case, m ̇ liq becomes zero because of assumption 2. This simplified approach assumes that the storage, initially fully charged with fluid in conditions corresponding to state c, delivers its full energy content without any variation in fluid properties. Thermal losses, as well as exergy losses 108 ηglob,SYS [-] VR [-] turbinePDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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