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Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Powered ORC Engines 4.6 Conclusions This chapter documents a study about extending direct flow-storage methods applicable to steam power plants to ORC power systems. So-called direct thermal storage systems are feasible, whereby the same fluid is circulated in the heat source, serves as thermal storage medium, and is also the working fluid of the ORC turbogenerator. A case study regarding a 100 kWE solar plant imple- menting such concept is presented: the proposed system features a constant-pressure thermocline storage system, with vapour generation through external flashing of the liquid extracted from the storage vessel. The thermal storage system can be integrated into the plant, thus decoupling the thermal energy source from the ORC power block: the system can be classified as constant-parameters storage, whereby the fluid enters and leaves the vessel (in principle) in the same thermodynamic condition, see states c and b in fig. 4.4a. Apart from a substantial simplifications in terms of both plant layout and operational strategy, this configuration ensures high exergetic performance of the thermal charge and discharge processes [27]. The power cycle operates according to a newly conceived variant of the Rankine cycle, whereby a flashing evaporation process precedes the power-generating expansion. The properties of the adopted complex-molecule working fluids are such that flashing can lead to saturated or superheated vapor conditions. This characteristic implies further simplifications of the system if compared to conventional steam power plant system with thermal storage. The efficiency of an ORC power plant working according to the newly introduced complete flashing cycle (CFC) may be, under the described assumptions, comparable to that of a conventional evaporative ORC power system. A design value of the solar-to-electric efficiency of 18% is calculated for the exemplary 100 kWE solar ORC power system with direct thermal storage and the flashing cycle configuration. The storage density values obtained with siloxanes as the working fluids are of the order of 10 kWhE per m3 storage, i.e. around half of what is typically achieved with the storage of diathermic oils. The advantages in terms of simplification of the plant layout could overcome the relatively low values of storage densities, the need of pressurization, and the specific cost of the fluids. To be noted also that the addition of storage filling materials, not considered in this work, is expected to be advantageous under these aspects. A dynamic model, developed for the complete system, is used to investigate the performance under extreme transient conditions: the reaction to the passage of subsequent clouds, causing the solar input to drop to 10% of its nominal value, is simulated. A relatively simple and robust control strategy allows to maintain the working fluid temperature at the outlet of the solar field approxi- mately constant, without risking thermal decomposition of the fluid itself. The storage system is demonstrated to be effective in decoupling the solar field and the ORC power block, which can thus be operated close to nominal conditions notwithstanding the environmental disturbances. The feasibility of remotely controlled operation is thus positively assessed by means of this preliminary study. A detailed techno-economic analysis of the proposed system aimed at clarifying these open questions will be developed as the next step of the project. In order to improve system performance, particularly in terms of storage density, it might be worth investigating the binary cycle configura- tion, whereby direct thermal storage is implemented in the topping cycle. 105PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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