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1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 T T DNI wall, max 340 320 300 280 wall, max 0 1000 2000 t [s] 3000 4000 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 W ̇ E, net T T ST, hot 340 320 300 280 3000 4000 0 1000 DNI 2000 t [s] SF, out Chapter 4 and than sharply return to the nominal value. This effect is modelled by applying a signal with subsequent ramps to the DNI input of the solar field model (see fig. 4.5): the DNI is supposed to drop down to 10% of its nominal value, perturbing the initial steady state condition (design point, storage fully charged). The monitored quantities are the electrical power W ̇ E,net, the mass flow circulating in the SF m ̇ SF, the temperatures Tout,SF and TST,hot, and the maximum wall temperature along the absorber Twall,max. (a) (b) Figure 4.5: Dynamic simulations results, for the virtual solar ORC plant, under time-varying solar input. The black dotted line represents the non dimensional DNI (with respect to its nominal value): it drops to 10% its nominal value in 5 s, remains constant for 240 s, then returns to its nominal value in 5 s; the interval between two subsequent drops is approximately 230 s. 4.5a black s o l i d l i n e : m ̇ S F ; r e d d a s h - d o t t e d l i n e : T w a l l , m a x . 4 . 5 b b l a c k s o l i d l i n e : W ̇ E , n e t ; r e d s o l i d l i n e : T o u t , S F ; red dashed line: TST,hot. From the results reported in figure 4.5, it appears that the virtual plant is characterized by time constants which are large enough to lead to an overlapping effect of the disturbances, as already noted in previous works [65]. The variation of the controlled variable m ̇ SF is shown in figure 4.5a. The ability of the simu- lated control system to maintain Tout,SF close to its nominal value is proved: the maximum predicted range of oscillation around the design value is 25 ◦C (fig. 4.5b). Also the temperature Twall,max, which occurs in the last segment of the discretized collector for all the simulated conditions, remains within safe values and, in particular, it is always lower than its design value, see fig. 4.5a. The effectiveness of the TES system in decoupling the ORC power block from the SF is assessed (fig. 4.5b): the oscillations in TST,hot (corresponding to the turbine inlet temperature) are substan- tially damped with respect to those in Tout,SF: a maximum difference of about 10 ◦C is predicted. As a consequence, the maximum drop in the delivered power W ̇ E,net is approximately 20%. 104 D N I ; m ̇ [ - ] SF T DNI;W ̇ [-] wall, max T ;T [C] ST, hot SF, out o [ C] E, net oPDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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