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Chapter 4 The cost of the storage system is however only a fraction of the final investment for a power plant. The case study presented in §4.5 shows that the direct-storage configuration allows for a substantial simplification of the overall layout of the plant, with a beneficial effect on its initial cost. 4.5 Case Study In order to evaluate the proposed integrated TES system for small-scale solar ORC power plant, the system of figure 4.4a (W ̇ net=100 kWE) has been studied. The ORC working fluid is circulated and heated in the SF, which is composed of parabolic trough collectors with evacuated absorber tubes: the feasibility of such concept has been preliminarily assessed in a recent study [46]. The main novelty is the adoption of one of the TES systems intro- duced in sec. 4.4: the working fluid serves also as the storage medium, making the configuration completely of the direct type. The selected TES system is based on a displacement-type storage, with vapour generation through external flashing (type A1 in fig. 4.3). The concept is aimed at maximizing the simplicity of the plant layout, since lowering of initial cost and maintenance requirements, as well as ease and safety of remotely controlled operation, are considered as key aspects for distributed power applications. The design data adopted here are reported in table 4.2: the general specifications are common to all the ORC plants modelled in this study (see also A.1 and A.2). A relatively high value of the condensing temperature Tcond is chosen, since avoiding excessively low vacuum levels in the condenser is mandatory in high temperature applications, because the presence of air due to inward leaking accelerates the thermal degradation of the working fluid. The data specific to the proposed exemplary system in terms of fluid and operating conditions, have been determined based on the treatment described in A.1 and A.2, where the main trade-off existing between system efficiency, plant simplification, and components design are discussed in detail. Realistic assumptions regarding both the design of the dry air-cooled condenser and of the plates-regenerator are considered. This information has been obtained from the preliminary design of these components, performed with a commercial package for heat exchanger design [51]. 4.5.1 Working Principle In nominal conditions, the temperatures at the outlet of the solar field Tout,SF, and in the hot region of the storage vessel TST,hot (which, in turn, equals that of the fluid fed to the ORC system), are con- sidered to be both equal to Tc. For modelling purposes this is chosen as the main operating variable (see A.1 and A.2), while pc is supposed to be maintained at a level higher than the corresponding vapour pressure, by an external pressurizer (1 bar in design conditions). Cold fluid is extracted from the vessel (b) and pumped through the SF: under normal operating conditions the mass flow is controlled by acting on the pump in order to maintain a set outlet temperature Tc. Also in this case the temperature at the outlet of the regenerator TORC,out, and that of the stored cold fluid TST,cold, are assumed to be equal to Tb. The hot fluid extracted from the storage vessel (c) is externally flashed to saturated vapour conditions, before being fed to the ORC turbogenerator (d, with qd = 1, see Sec. Ia). The superheated vapour leaving the turbine enters the regenerator (e), and then the condenser ( f ). The fluid, in saturated liquid conditions (a), is then pumped back, through the regenerator, to the bottom part of the storage vessel (b). The mass flow circulating in the SF is determined by the available irradiation together with the area of the collectors which, in turn, is related to the chosen solar multiple (SM). Optimal combi- 98PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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