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Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Powered ORC Engines METHOD OF STORAGE (A) DISPLACEMENT (B) EXPANSION (C) SLIDING PRESSURE A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 B2/C1 A3 B3 B3/C1 Figure 4.3: Main configurations of direct storage systems for steam power plants, as a com- bination of storage methods and discharge modes. Labels correspond to those adopted for the description in §4.4.1 and §4.4.2. For the sake of simplicity, only single-stage flash ORC systems are considered, without internal regeneration. Adapted from [27]. the island grid of Berlin, the 50 MWE Charlottenburg plant - built in 1929 - has been operated with steam accumulators of 67 MWhE storage-capacity for more than 60 years. Sliding-pressure systems have recently been realized [43], and this concept has been proposed as a solution to supply DSG plants with buffer-storage capabilities [44]. Two-phase refrigerant accumulators working according to this principle are key components in automotive air conditioning systems [45]. It can thus be concluded that all the above mentioned concepts are applicable in principle to ORC power systems. However, applying the very same concepts for thermal energy storage to ORC power plants leads to EEED levels (see Sec. 4.3) which are lower than those of direct water-steam systems, and also of state-of-the-art indirect systems (see Sec. 4.5). In case the working fluid is a siloxane, for a given power output, the same thermal storage capacity requires a larger vessel, if compared to a steam power plant. It is worth noting that the problems related to fluid containment at concurrently high-pressure and high-temperature levels, which have ultimately hindered the diffusion of water-steam storage systems, are reduced in case working fluid is an organic compound (sec. 4.2, III). Beside the vessel volume and the pressurization level, also the cost of the fluid largely contributes to the total investment cost of the storage system. At present, siloxanes are approximately two times more expensive than synthetic oils (typically mixtures of diphenyl-diphenyl ether), in terms of cost per unit of thermal energy delivered [32]. However, contrary to synthetic oils, siloxanes are classified as non-hazardous materials. Such classification is expected to play an important role if the proposed technology will be applied, particularly if the distributed energy scenario is considered. 97 MODE OF DISCHARGE (3) CASCADING (2) FEED REPLACEMENT (1) VAPOR (FLASHED) PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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