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s, p T, ρ MW W, Q = specific entropy [kJ kg−1 K−1], pressure [bar] = temperature [◦C], density [kg m−3] = molecular weight [g mol−1] = Electric power, thermal power [kW] Subscripts ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives automotive industry is boldly committed to the initiative. Several solutions are investigated, different above all with respect to the expander. Volumetric (piston, screw, scroll) expanders are attractive, as much knowledge from small refrigera- tion compressors is available, but limitations related to the maximum expansion ratio and inlet temperature are difficult to overcome. High-speed turbines are very promising given their ability to expand vapors from high temperature and to handle large expansion ratio. In addition they potentially offer a high degree of re- liability, given their simplicity, as it can be extrapolated from the experience with turbo-chargers. The first models of mini-ORC turbogenerators for heat recovery from the exhaust of truck engines will likely be commercialized in the next few years. If successful, the production of a large number of standardized and cost- effective units could promote the adoption of mini-ORC power systems in many other high-volume applications. Examples are domestic CHP, distributed solar power plants cogenerating heat and/or cooling with thermal storage, and capillary waste heat recovery. The possibility that ORC power blocks will make OTEC plants a viable solution for base-load energy conversion in the tropical oceans is also interesting. As a final remark, it is worth noting that modern technological progress is often the outcome of strong collaboration between academia and industry. Aca- demics shall continue to strive with their role of looking at high-risk high-reward research, especially now that the technology grew further from its infancy. The level of research and development should reach those of more mature energy con- version technologies, like, e.g., gas turbines or reciprocating engines. The com- panies that have been on the market since the beginning of the diffusion of ORC power systems, and those that are now entering the market shall therefore maintain or increase their attitude toward research and innovation, without which the solu- tions needed in order to fulfill the high potential of current and future applications cannot be identified. Nomenclature 45PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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