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Chapter 2 renewable-equivalent thermal energy conversion (geothermal reservoirs, biomass combustion, concentrated solar radiation, industrial waste-heat recovery, waste heat recovery from reciprocating engines and gas turbines, ocean thermal gradi- ent). ORC power systems can also cogenerate heat and cooling, thus are inher- ently suitable for distributed energy conversion with unequaled efficiency. Technical solutions have been developed out of scientific and technical re- search, and some times quite fundamental investigation paved the way to highly innovative improvements. This is the case, for instance, of the study on new fluids, and their modeling, and the study of the complex gas dynamics of dense vapors and supercritical fluid flows of organic substances. Equally important were tech- nical inventions related to the various components of the system, and the hermetic turbogenerator, or the recently re-descovered radial outflow turbine are good ex- amples. Design problems are quite complex as fundamental aspects, like those related to thermodynamic cycles, and fluid dynamics, cannot be studied without, at the same time, taking into account realistic technical constraints. The develop- ment of new technology benefits today from the application of the most advanced engineering methods, like high-fidelity simulations of fluid flows, and complex multi-physics system and component optimization. The cumulative installed capacity of ORC power plants have been growing at a sustained rate starting from the first years of the new millennium, as well as the number of ORC power systems. The number of vendors is increasing, and large manufactures of conventional power equipment are entering the market, together with several new dynamic enterprises. The analysis of the available information about commercial power plants shows that the range of power outputs of ORC units that enter into operation is expanding towards both larger and smaller units, if compared to few years ago. The application of ORC technology to geothermal heat and biomass combustion conversion, the two applications that sparked the growth of ORC installations, continues the trend, whereby the power output of geothermal ORC power plants is increasing (the plants that were recently com- missioned feature capacities from several tens of MWE up to the last one, which reached almost 100 MWE). Biomass-fuelled ORC power plants are still spreading in Europe, where policy is favorable, but the situation is not yet equally favorable in other continents. Waste heat recovery from prime movers and industrial pro- cesses by means of ORC power plants has also started to grow in recent years, and it is the application with arguably the highest potential in the foreseeable future. Very recently, a considerable amount of research and development efforts are dedicated to the development of ORC systems for applications suitable for high- volume production, and heat recovery from automotive engines stands out. The 44PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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