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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives 2.4.5 Other applications Other niche applications attracted some research efforts. An example is the heat recovery from high-temperature fuel cells, which discharge flue gases at tempera- tures exceeding 400 oC, and achieve extremely high electrical efficiency (50 % to 60 %, respectively). They have not reached widespread market introduction be- cause of the very high cost per kWE and because of long-term reliability and main- tenance issues. The first commercialized units are in the medium power range (300 kWE to 3 MWE), and an ORC power system is the heat recovery system of choice [165–168]. ORC turbogenerators are increasingly studied also as bottoming cycles in combined systems for advanced power conversion facilities. According to sev- eral authors, this can be the solution of choice to recover power from the exhaust of high efficiency small and medium-size gas turbines, in order to exceed 50% efficiency at power levels as low as 5 MWE [169, 170]. Similar systems are being considered also for CBC-based plants proposed for next generation nuclear and CSP applications [171]. Another notable application that has been studied in the past and that might attract attention in the future is the conversion from solar radiation in space. At the time of the initial activities aimed at the development of the International Space Station, together with Stirling engine and Closed Brayton Cycle gas turbine, ORC power systems were intensely studied, also experimentally [63, 172, 173]. It is well possible that the increasing presence of devices orbiting around the earth and further space exploration will drive the development of special solar or nuclear- powered ORC systems, whereby the main advantage with respect to photovoltaic panels could be the possibility of efficiently cogenerating the heat needed for propulsion or for the thermal control of on-board equipment. 2.5 Conclusions The concept of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) engine is almost coeval with that of the steam engine and, similarly, the concept has been implemented into actual power systems with an impressive growth of technological sophistication. Arguably, the main cause of the recent success of ORC power systems is their very high flexibility. It is a technology that can be used to convert external sources of thermal energy at widely different temperature levels, and at an equally wide range of capacities. This characteristic places ORC power systems in a prominent position among the technologies that are suitable for renewable of 43PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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