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Chapter 2 tion exists, the very low efficiency being the main technical and economic chal- lenge [10]. Recently, experimental research has been resumed and pilot plants have been built, utilizing mainly ammonia as the working fluid in a saturated cycle configuration. ORC systems utilizing a refrigerant or a hydrocarbon as al- ternative working fluid are being studied [156, 157]. Technical problems related to deep-water pipes and pumps can now be solved thanks to advancements in off-shore technology. Economic viability might be achieved in the future, de- pending on energy value and policy, arguably only with large installations (many tens to hundreds or more MWE). The co-production of other goods could also positively influence the economic feasibility. An interesting overview of various aspects related to OTEC power plants can be found in Ref. [10], together with the illustration of a study on the hybridization of an OTEC power plant with the addi- tion of solar concentrators, and the utilization of complex configuration (multiple pressure level) for maximum efficiency. 2.4.4 Concentrated Solar Power - CSP The majority of the present research efforts are devoted to low-to-medium tem- perature solar ORC systems, aiming at using comparatively inexpensive solar col- lectors, and often cogenerating heat and cooling. In the authors’ opinion, also considering the promising results achieved in the past [54, 66], the investigation of higher temperature and thus high-efficiency systems is worth more attention. The advantage of solar ORC power systems is arguably the possibility of locally cogenerating heating and cooling power, and still achieving electric efficiency that is competitive with photo-voltaic panels, at the cost of a more complex system, possibly requiring more maintenance. The potential market of distributed solar cogeneration is very large (medium and large building in the solar belt). In this respect, innovative concepts aimed at including thermal storage, while simplify- ing plant layout and operation, and preserving or improving performance might be successful [120]. The combination of solar power conversion with other func- tions has also been studied: examples are desalinized water, or combination with cooling by means of absorption chillers [6, 158–161]. Also the hybridization with other energy sources seems promising; this is the case of systems integrat- ing concentrated solar input with biomass combustion [162], industrial waste heat recovery, geothermal energy [163], or ocean thermal energy [10]. As anticipated, the use of small-capacity solar or biomass-fueled ORC modules to power the elec- trification of remote areas has been envisaged since the first studies on this tech- nology [36, 46], and this research field is still actively investigated [121, 164]. 42PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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