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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives cycle configuration, because the waste heat can be efficiently recovered, see, e.g., Ref. [151]. In a combined cycle powertrain, also the relatively large amount of thermal energy dissipated by the engine cooling system could be recovered. Given the radical changes with respect to current practice that such a system could im- pose, it is likely that the whole cab and drivetrain should be designed around the new combined-cycle powertrain. Another interesting possibility is that the combined-cycle powertrain generates electricity to power electric in-wheel mo- tors and batteries [152]. 2.4.2 Domestic CHP The potential advantages of finely distributed cogeneration have been studied [25], especially in case of capillary natural-gas distribution, like in large parts of Eu- rope. Besides the high utilization factor and total system efficiency, there might be a strategic interest in promoting a new business model of distributed power generation, due to the increasing difficulty to locate or refurbish power stations in densely populated areas because of permitting and public acceptance. Among the technologies that are suitable for small-capacity electrical power conversion and cogeneration of heating, domestic ORC-based CHP units under- went research and development activities [153, 154]. In comparison to Stirling and micro-gas turbine generators, ORC systems display some potential advan- tages. In case of recent developments, the power capacity is either very small (1 kWE) [153] or small (10 − 30 kWE) [154], and the need to keep the cost low, especially in the case of a new application promoted by small companies, resulted in low-temperature cycles and the use of scroll expanders [155], whereby the elec- tric efficiency is bound to be low (5−10 %). In any case, the total energy efficiency can reach values of the order of 90 %. The market for mini-ORC CHP units for domestic use could be very large (e.g., several millions unit per year in Europe only), but the higher investment cost compared to a traditional heater might be a barrier to widespread market introduction. The introduction of mini-ORC power systems for other applications, see Sec. 2.4.1, could boost the development of derived products for this sector. 2.4.3 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion - OTEC An ORC power plant could be suitable for the conversion of the energy deriving from the temperature difference between surface and deep ocean water, which is in the range 20 − 25 oC in various parts of the tropical and equatorial belt. The OTEC concept has been studied for a long time, though no commercial applica- 41PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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