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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives and the working fluid [86]. The supercritical cycle configuration might be opti- mal from a purely thermodynamic point of view, but the power consumption of the main feed pump becomes very large. Table 2.3 lists the working fluids that are most commonly employed, together with their main properties. In general, fluids formed by more complex molecules are suitable for high-temperature applications (e.g. siloxanes, toluene), and small-medium power capacity, while those formed by simpler molecules (e.g. refrigerants, alkanes) are adopted in low-temperature applications, and are suitable also for large power output. Table 2.3: Main properties of the most diffused working fluids in current ORC plants, see also Tab. 2.2. MW: molecular weight, Tboil: normal boiling temperature, pvap@80◦C: vapour pressure at 80 oC. MDM: octamethyltrisiloxane, MM: hexamethyldisiloxane, PP5: Perfluorode- calin, PP2: perfluoro-methylcyclohexane, r245fa: 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane, r134a: 1,1,1,2- tetrafluoroethane. Data from Ref. [87]. Fluid name toluene cyclo-pentane iso-pentane iso-butane MDM MM PP5 PP2 r245fa r134a Chemical formula C7 H8 C5 H10 C5 H12 C4 H10 C8 H24 Si3 O2 C6 H18 OSi2 C10 F18 C7 F14 C3H3F5 C2H2F4 MW TCR pCR [g mol−1 ] [oC] [bar] 92.1 318.6 41.26 70.1 238.5 45.15 72.1 187.2 33.78 58.1 134.7 36.29 236.5 290.9 14.15 162.4 245.5 19.39 462.0 291.9 17.88 350.0 211.9 20.60 134.0 154.0 36.51 102.0 101.1 40.59 ρCR [kg m−3] 278.8 272.6 215.7 224.6 302.9 292.9 565.0 574.7 489.3 545.6 Tboil [oC] 110.6 49.2 27.8 -11.8 152.5 100.2 140.7 75.8 15.1 -26.1 pvap@80◦C [bar] 0.389 2.522 4.575 13.438 0.091 0.537 0.133 1.152 7.893 26.332 Rotating equipment In case of larger power plants, one of the advantages related to the selection of an optimal organic working fluid is that it is possible to design an efficient tur- bine for rotational speeds that allow for direct coupling to a synchronous gen- erator (3,000/1,500 rpm if the grid frequency is 50 Hz, or 3,600/1,800 rpm if it is 60 Hz). If this is not possible or wanted, reduction gears can then be used. The shaft seal demands for special attention, especially if the working fluid is used for lubrication, in order to avoid excessive leakage. Oil is often used in a dedicated bearings system for the shaft, especially in slow-rotating turbines and pumps, whereby mechanical seals are adopted for the shaft. The expander, elec- trical generator, and feed pump can rotate independently from one another, or, in 29PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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