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Chapter 2 2.3 State of the art A brief description of the most commonly adopted technical options encountered in commercially available systems is provided here. A sequential and iterative design process is often carried out in the order in which these technical solutions are presented. The design of one system component strongly depends on the oth- ers, therefore a trend toward an increasingly integrated and automated approach is pursued [82–84]. The number of possible combinations of the technical solu- tions applicable at system and component level is very large, and it explains why, even for similar specifications, the units that have reached commercial status can differ considerably. As it was in other sectors of the power field, after a period in which a relatively large variety of products compete for the market, evolution may reduce this diversity in the future, at least for a given application. 2.3.1 Technical options The selection of the available solutions for the design of a system and its compo- nents depends on the initial specifications, which most often are: ◦ Type of thermal energy source, average power capacity, and average tem- perature ◦ Available/usable cooling fluid (water or air) and its average temperature ORC modules can exhibit a certain level of standardization up to a power capacity of 2 − 3 MWE, while larger power units, like those of larger geothermal power plants, are highly customized. Cycle configuration and working fluid As discussed in Sec. 2.1, the design decision about the cycle configuration and the working fluid is closely coupled, and it has consequences on the choice of the expander and its design [2]. Currently, saturated 5 and superheated cycle configurations are common, while the supercritical cycle configuration has been implemented only in few cases [74, 85]. Two and three pressure levels in the evaporator have been adopted only in large geothermal power plants in order to substantially reduce the average temperature difference between the geothermal 5In case the expander is a turbine, a small degree of superheating at the turbine inlet and through- out the expansion is needed in order to avoid droplets impact against the rotor. 28PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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