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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives and condensation temperatures equal to 84 and 20 oC, respectively [67]. Based on these studies, a company was established in 1980 by Gaia. The company was ini- tially involved in the realization of experimental solar and geothermal ORC power plants adopting various working fluids and single or multi-stage axial turbine [2]. Studies on the use of siloxanes as working fluids for high-temperature ORC power systems were conducted in collaboration with Angelino and co-workers [63, 68]. The first biomass-fuelled turbogenerator, which was later to determine the com- mercial success of the company, was commissioned in Bie`re, Switzerland, in 1998 [11]. It was a skid-mounted 300 kWE genset, using siloxane MDM as the working fluid, and featuring a 2-stage axial turbine. The plant was ordered by the Swiss army in order to provide electricity and cogenerated heat to a barrack. In Finland, Prof. J. Larjola led the development of high-speed hermetic turbo- generators in the hundreds kWE range, in which the turbine, generator and pump share the same shaft. One of the first applications of this type of ORC turbogener- ator was the use as the charger of the batteries of a deep-see submersible [69]. The hermetic turbogenerator configuration was similar to the early mini-ORC units for remote power applications [70, 71]. The knowledge acquired with these develop- ments was later utilized in commercial units that were marketed starting from the early 2000’s [72]. Information concerning operational ORC power plants referred to the period before 1995 are collected in Ref. [3], containing also data from Ref. [73], which in addition covers earlier years. During the 1980’s, however, fossil fuel prices were relatively low: this led to most of the experimental plants being shut down because economics were not attractive. The main data related to the majority of the plants that have been commercially operated after 1995 are shown in Table 2.2. Fig. 2.4 presents a quantitative assessment of the the evolution of installed ORC power plants in the same period, in terms of both cumulated power and number of units. 25PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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