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Chapter 2 mal water at 85 oC, rated at 670 kWE, and using refrigerant R12 as the working fluid [45]. It provided a small village with electricity and greenhouses with heat- ing. Dr. Lucien Bronicki met Prof. D’Amelio during his PhD studies in the late 50’s in Paris4 and started to study the application of the ORC principle to small solar power plants [46]. He and made an important contribution by outlining for the first time the relation between the working fluid and the design of the expander in an article published on an international journal [1]. In the 60’s, perfluorocar- bons were studied by other authors as working fluids for mini-ORC turbines [47]. Several experimental solar ORC systems have also been reported. These adopted static non-focusing collectors, thus achieving comparatively low maximum cycle temperature (around 100 oC), and solar-to-electric efficiency (typically < 5 %). Furthermore, also during the 60’s, few ORC-driven systems for the pumping of water for irrigation or desalination purposes have been documented [34]. In these years, Dr. Bronicki and his group designed, built, and tested several small solar ORC units (2−10 kWE) with monochlorobenzene as the working fluid. These systems featured inlet fluid temperatures of the order of 150 oC. Some of these plants have been reported as having run for 12 years without repairs [48]. In 1972, they realized a highly unconventional 0.4 kWE unit powered by a ra- dioisotope, featuring a much higher TIT, and thus a cascaded cycle configuration was adopted, employing different working fluid in the top and bottoming cycle systems [49]. The group then succeeded in deploying the results of these studies in the first commercial application of mini-ORC turbogenerators, i.e., the power- ing of remote telecommunication stations and of the auxiliaries of gas pumping stations [50]. The most important requirement was reliability in order to allow for a very long operation without maintenance service, while conversion efficiency was not so relevant (about 5 %). The first units of this type (3 kWE), using monochlorobenzene as the working fluid, were operational in 1961. In the pe- riod between 1961 and 1988, thousands of these small ORC turbogenerators were installed. The power capacity ranges from 0.2 to 6 kWE, the working fluid is commonly dichlorobenzene, or more rarely trichlorobenzene, due to the need of high thermal stability, being the working fluid directly heated by combustion flue gases. These systems pioneered the high-speed hermetic turbogenerator solution: the radial-inflow turbine and the generator are directly coupled and enclosed in a single sealed canister. Journal bearings support the shaft, using the working fluid as a lubricant and coolant, without additives. The generator is a solid-rotor brushless alternator: The three-phase output of the alternator is connected to the 4June 2013, personal communication. 22PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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