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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives Table 2.1: Specifications of the first solar ORC power plant proposed by Prof. L. D’Amelio in 1935, as reported in Ref. [36]. Working fluid C2H5Cl Surface of solar collectors 270 m2 Evaporation temperature 40 oC Evaporation pressure 2.7 bar Condensation temperature 23 oC Condensation pressure 1.3 bar Turbine isentropic efficiency 0.65 Net power output 4 kWM Net conversion efficiency 0.035 thus heating the water up to about 60 oC. The water is circulated to a shell and tube evaporator where the working fluid is heated and evaporated in small pipes at approximately 40 oC. The vapor is expanded in an impulse axial turbine stage, and generates mechanical work. The monochloroethane vapor is condensed at 23 oC, and the liquid pumped back to the evaporator. The design specifications of the plant are reported in table 2.1. The estimated thermal conversion efficiency was about 3.5 %. The cited monograph outlines for the first time all the main principles of ORC system and turbine design, notably including the selection of the working fluid among several candidates, see also Refs. [37, 38]. In 1939, these ideas were implemented in a 2.6 kWM prototype for the conversion of low-grade geothermal energy which was commissioned and operated successfully in a labo- ratory of the University of Naples [39]. The experience gained with the prototype led to the realization of an 11 kWM geothermal ORC pilot power plant on the island of Ischia in 1940. A second power plant of 250 kWM based on the same technology was built in 1943 but was never operated [40]. After the second world war, D’Amelio resumed his studies on the ORC concept, and his work presented at the first conferences on solar energy received considerable attention [41, 42]. The first commercially operated geothermal ORC power plant, a so-called bi- nary power plant, was briefly operated at Kiabukwa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in 1952 [43]. It featured a power capacity of 200 kWE, utilized geother- mal water at 91 oC as heat source, and it supplied power to a mining company. The second oldest geothermal ORC power plant was commissioned at Paratunka in the Kamchatka peninsula in 1967 [43, 44]. It was a pilot plant exploiting geother- 21PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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