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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives ◦ biomass combustion, ◦ industrial waste heat recovery, ◦ urban solid waste, and landfill gas combustion, ◦ heat recovery from other prime movers (reciprocating engines, gas turbines, fuel cells, etc.), ◦ ocean thermal gradient. Other advantages of ORC systems are: ◦ the overall simplicity of the plant configuration, ◦ the reliability and durability of slow-rotating expansion devices, ◦ the possibility of using common stainless steel (or in some cases aluminum) as construction material, thanks to the low peak system pressure and tem- perature, and to the non-corrosive nature of the working fluids. This feature can be compared, for instance, with materials required for high-temperature water, gas turbines, or Stirling engines. The graph of figure 2.2 synthetically shows the current relation between the temperature of the energy source and the power capacity of ORC power systems vs steam power plants. The graph refers either to systems that are commercially available, or to those currently under development or studied. Notably, the state of the art is quickly evolving, therefore figure 2.2 has been adapted here in order to account for the fact that the boundary of ORC technology applications is ex- panding toward the region of conventional steam power plant applications. This chart might need to be updated in few years. If large-capacity high-temperature energy conversion systems are excluded from the comparison (primarily therefore steam power plants), competing tech- nologies for the conversion of the mentioned energy sources are in principle the Stirling engine, the Closed Brayton Cycle (CBC) power plant, and the externally- fired gas turbine (EFGT). For low-temperature energy sources, e.g., geothermal reservoirs or heat recovery, the Kalina cycle power plant [12] is also a potential competitor, though power plants based on this concept are at a lower develop- ment stage vs. ORC power systems, and face difficulties due to inherently higher complexity [13]. Conventional Stirling engines can operate at a sufficient level of efficiency only if the thermal energy source is at high temperature (indicatively 700−1100 oC), 17PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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