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Chapter 2 ◦ if used for generator cooling, an electrical insulator and compatible with the adopted resin. With reference to high-temperature applications, one remarkable deficit of cur- rently adopted working fluids (hydrocarbons, siloxanes, perfluorocarbons) is their thermal stability in contact with typical containing materials, which sets the peak cycle temperature threshold at around 350 oC, depending on the specific fluid, and on additional technical, operational and cost-related constraints. These are the frequency of fluid charge substitution, the level of fluid purity, the level of plant sealing, and the dearation requirements in the low-pressure part of the plant. Ideally, an organic fluid which would not thermally decompose (in contact with stainless steel) at temperatures up to 500 − 600 oC would substantially increase the conversion efficiency in some applications. So far the highest thermal stability in realistic operating conditions was reported for a mixture of pentafluorobenzene and hexafluorobenzene [8]. The fluid underwent dynamic thermal tests at temper- atures up to 468 oC, and no decomposition was observed during the 532 hour test. The fluid is claimed to feature low toxicity in case of acute and subacute expo- sures, but products of thermal decompositions of perfluorocarbons are chemically aggressive and possibly highly toxic [9]. These exemplary considerations show that the design of an optimal system is a complex problem, possibly leading to multiple technical solutions, with dif- ferent equipment selection, each with its advantages and disadvantages. With reference to the example previously illustrated, the selection of a working fluid made of simpler molecules would result in a faster-rotating and smaller turbine, possibly affected by lower efficiency, and requiring reduction or power electron- ics for the coupling to the electrical generator. In turn, the adoption of such a fluid could eliminate the need for a regenerator, and entail a more compact and super-atmospheric condenser. One of the main and unique advantages of ORC power systems is that the technology is applicable to virtually any external thermal energy source,1 with temperature differences between thermal source and sink ranging from approxi- mately 30 to 500 oC [10]. ORC systems are therefore technically suitable for the conversion of renewable or renewable-equivalent energy sources such as ◦ geothermal reservoirs (liquid-dominated or steam-dominated, whereby the steam is too contaminated to be directly expanded in a turbine), ◦ solar radiation, 1External with respect to the power system, as opposed to the internal combustion of reciprocat- ing engines or gas turbines. 16PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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