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Chapter 2 Abstract The cumulative global capacity of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power systems for the conversion of renewable and waste thermal energy is undergoing a rapid growth, which started a decade ago, in accordance with recent develop- ments in the energy conversion scenario. It is estimated that the power capacity of all these types of power plants currently adds up to at least 2, 000 MWE. The potential for the conversion into electrical or mechanical power of the thermal power coming from liquid-dominated geothermal reservoirs, waste heat from pri- mary engines or industrial processes, biomass combustion, and concentrated so- lar radiation is arguably very large. ORC power systems are one of the most flex- ible conversion technologies in terms of capacity and temperature level of these energy sources, and are currently often the only applicable conversion technology for external thermal energy. In addition, they are suitable for the cogeneration of heating and/or cooling, another advantage in the framework of distributed power generation. Related research and development is therefore extremely lively. These considerations motivated the effort documented in this chapter, aimed at providing consistent information about the evolution, state, and likely future of this power conversion system. Firstly, basic theoretical elements on the thermodynamic cy- cle, working fluid, and design aspects are introduced, together with an evaluation of advantages and disadvantages in comparison to competing technologies. An overview of the long history of the development of ORC power systems follows, in order to place the more recent evolution into perspective. A compendium of the many aspects of the state of the art is then illustrated by reviewing the engineering solutions currently adopted in commercial power plants, the main−stream appli- cations, together with information about exemplary installations. An outlook on the many research and development activities is provided, whereby information on new high-impact applications such as automotive heat recovery is included. Pos- sible directions of future developments are highlighted, ranging from efforts tar- geting volume-produced stationary and mobile mini−ORC systems with a power output of few kWE, up to large base−load ORC power plants such as, e.g., for ocean thermal energy conversion − OTEC. 2.1 Introduction The concept of an engine based on the Rankine thermodynamic cycle, whereby the fluid is an organic compound instead of water (see fig. 2.1a–2.1b) originates from two main observations [1–3]: ◦ if the selection of the working fluid is an additional degree of freedom for the design of the thermodynamic cycle, the fluid can be chosen such that it 12PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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