New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems

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New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems ( new-concepts-for-organic-rankine-cycle-power-systems )

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Chapter 1 the chapters follows. Chapter 2 presents an introductory review on ORC systems, with an overview of their history, the description of the state-of-the-art from both the academic and the industrial perspective, and an outlook to envisaged paths of development. The cumulative global capacity of ORC power systems is undergoing a rapid growth, which started a decade ago, in accordance with recent developments in the energy conversion scenario. The potential for the conversion into electricity of the thermal power coming from liquid-dominated geothermal reservoirs, waste heat from primary engines or industrial processes, biomass combustion, and con- centrated solar radiation is arguably very large. ORC power systems are one of the most flexible conversion technologies, in terms of capacity and temperature levels, for these energy sources, and are currently often the only applicable conversion technology in many applications. In addition, they can co-generate heating and/or cooling. Related research and development is therefore extremely lively. Firstly, basic elements on the thermodynamic cycle, working fluid, and design aspects are introduced, together with an evaluation of advantages and disadvan- tages in comparison to competing power systems. An overview of the long history of the development of ORC technology follows, in order to place the more recent evolution into perspective. A compendium of the many aspects of the state of the art is then illustrated by reviewing the engineering solutions currently adopted in commercial power plants, the main-stream applications, together with information about exemplary installations. An outlook on the many research and development activities is provided, whereby information on new high-impact applications such as automotive heat recovery is included. Possible directions of future develop- ments are highlighted, ranging from efforts targeting volume-produced stationary and mobile mini-ORC systems with a power output of few kWE, up to large base- load ORC power plants. Chapter 3 documents the original research conducted in the field of ORC turbo- expanders. As a matter of fact, these are the most critical components when effi- cient ORC power systems have to be designed. The variety of possible working fluids, the complex gas dynamics phenomena encountered, and the lack of sim- plified design methods based on experience on similar machines, make the design of efficient ORC turbines a complicated task. Relevant paths of development may thus be concerned with (i) the devel- opment of generalized design methodologies, and (ii) the assessment of non- conventional machine architectures: the research presented in this chapter aims 4

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