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In contrast, a study of U.S. Forest Service inventory plots found a mean of 3.7 t/ac (8.3 Mg/ha) and a median of 2.9 t/ac (6.5 Mg/ ha) of DWM across 229 plots in the Northeast (Chojnacky et al. 2004 see Figure 2). This low level of DWM across the landscape may be due to widespread clearcutting in the 1880-1930 periods. Implications for Massachusetts Policies: The amount of dead wood varies across forest types and stand ages. In order to deter- mine appropriate benchmarks that correlate with forest health, more data by stand and age is required than current research provides. However, we find there is sufficient data to construct some initial, but likely conservative, guidelines. These are detailed in the Forest Guild’s Biomass Retention and Harvesting Guide- lines and summarized in Section 4.5.2 of this report. 4.2.2.5 SoilsandProductivityIssuesby Forest Type Northern Hardwood Forests: In general, the amount of DWM in Northern hardwood forests follows the ‘U’ pattern mentioned above. Young stands have large quantities of DWM (usually due to a harvest); mature stands have less; older or uncut stands have more. For example, a study in New Hampshire measured 38 t/ ac (86 Mg/ha) of DWM in a young stand, 14 t/ac (32 Mg/ha) in mature stands, 20 t/ac (54 Mg/ha) in old stand, and 19 t/ac (42 Mg/ha) in an uncut stand (Gore and Patterson 1986). Gore and Patterson (1986) also note that stands under a selection system had lower quantities of DWM, i.e., 16 t/ac (35 Mg/ha). A review of other studies identified similar temporal patterns and quantities of DWM (Roskoski 1977, Gore and Patterson 1986, McCarthy and Bailey 1994, McGee et al. 1999, Bradford et al. 2009). Estimates of the volume of down dead wood in Maine’s northern hardwood forests are 598 ft3/ac (42 m3/ha) or 9 t/ac (20.5 Mg/ ha) (Heath and Chojnacky 2001). Keeton (2006) estimates a volume of 600 ft3/ac (42 m3/ha) of DWM in a multi-aged northern hardwood forest. Transitional Hardwoods: As with the other forest types discussed, DWM density tends to follow a ‘U’ shape in oak-hickory forests. For example, Idol and colleagues (2001) found 61 t/ac (137 Mg/ ha) in a one-year post-harvest stand, 18 t/ac (40 Mg/ha) in a 31– year-old stand, and 26 t/ac (59 Mg/ha) in a 100-year-old stand. Tritton and colleagues (1987) measured 5.8 t/ac (13 Mg/ha) in an 80-year-old stand in Connecticut. Estimates of the volume of down dead wood in Maine’s oak-hickory forests are 244 ft3/ac (17 m3/ha) or 0.7 (1.5 Mg/ha) (Heath and Chojnacky 2001). Wilson and McComb (2005) estimated the volume of downed logs in a western Massachusetts forest at 143 ft3/ac (10 m3/ha). A study in Appalachian oak-hickory forests showed that the decomposing residues left after a saw log harvest increased concen- tration of Ca, potassium (K), and magnesium in foliage and soils after 15 years in comparison to a whole-tree harvest (Johnson and Todd 1998). However, the study found no impacts on soil carbon, vegetation biomass, species composition, vegetation N or P concentration, soil bulk density, or soil N because of the whole-tree harvest (Johnson and Todd 1998).’ White Pine and Red Pine Forests: Estimates of the volume of down dead wood in Maine’s pine forests are 255 ft3/ac (18 m3/ha) or 1.6 t/ac (3.5 Mg/ha) (Heath and Chojnacky 2001). A review of research on DWM in the red pine forests of the Great Lakes area showed that there were 50 t/ac (113 Mg/ha) of DWM in an unmanaged forest at stand initiation and 4.5 t/ac (10 Mg/ha) in a 90-year-old stand (Duvall and Grigal 1999). In comparison, the managed stand Duvall and Grigal (1999) studied had less DWM at both initiation 8.9 t/ac (20 Mg/ha) and at 90 years 2.9 t/ac (6.6 Mg/ha). The same review showed the unmanaged stand had 30 snags per ac (74 per ha) while the managed forest had 6.9 per ac (17 per ha) (Duvall and Grigal 1999). Red and white pine that fall to the ground at time of death will become substantially decayed (decay class IV of V) within 60 years (Vanderwel et al. 2006). While not a recognized forest type, stands with a mix of oak, other hardwoods, white pine, and hemlock are common. Many of the red oak and white pine stands on sandy outwash sites are susceptible to nutrient losses because of a combination of low-nutrient capital and past nutrient depletion (Hallett and Hornbeck 2000). Implications for Massachusetts Policies: The amount of DWM and natural patterns of decay and soil replenishment vary by forest type in unmanaged stands. Ideally, DWM retention targets would also vary by forest type; but presently there are not enough data across forest types and ages to set specific targets. The Forest Guild Retention and Harvesting Guidelines for the Northeast include examples of DWM ranges by forest types. Exhibit 4.1: DWM Ranges by Forest Type BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY AND CARBON POLICY STUDY Tonsof DWM per acre* Northern HW Spruce-Fir 8–16 5–20 Oak- White and Hickory Red Pine 6–18 2–50 MANOMET CENTER FOR CONSERVATION SCIENCES 66 NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVE * Includes existing DWM and additional material left during harvesting to meet this target measured in dry tons per acre. The Forest Guild’s guidelines also include general targets for retaining logging residues to protect soil nutrient capital. Over time, Massachusetts and other state guidelines may be able to hone in on specific targets by forest type. 4.2.2.6 ImpactsfromChangingHarvesting Technology Caused by Increased Biomass Harvesting All harvesting practices disturb forest sites, but the overall impact on soil structure and nutrients depends on the site, operator skill, and conditions of operation. A comprehensive study of site impacts in Maine (Benjamin 2010) reviewed the literature regarding soil compaction and erosion from logging. A comparison of nine relatedPDF Image | NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVE AT MANOMET
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