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because forest industry intensity is a good indicator of timber availability and underlying landowner attitudes. For this overview, we have used TPO data because they have the appropriate concepts at the county level (Exhibit 3-20). These data indicate that production in the border counties is about three times that in Massachusetts; thus, from the vantage point of current harvesting activity, the border counties show a lot more promise as a source of biomass than Massachusetts. The table also shows an index which compares the intensity of harvests in the different areas—this is calculated as roundwood harvests divided by total timberland acres, and is indexed to Massachusetts = 1.0. Exhibit 3-20: Industrial Roundwood Harvests in Massachu- setts Timbershed, 000 Green Tons and Index; 2006 family-owned forest land is 6 acres, while Rhode Island is also 6 acres and Connecticut averages 9 acres per owner. Forest hold- ings are much larger in New Hampshire and Vermont, where the average owner has 19 acres and 36 acres, respectively (although it is likely to be the case that parcel sizes in the border counties are more similar to those in Massachusetts than the state averages would imply). Notably, a significant area of New Hampshire’s private forest land (1.3 million acres) is held by non-family owners (average forest holdings of owners in this group are substantially larger). According to these survey data, only 43% of the family forest land area in Massachusetts is held in parcels that are 50 acres or larger. New Hampshire and Vermont are much higher at 64% and 75%, while Connecticut is 48% and Rhode Island is 33%. Importantly, New Hampshire has twice as much family- owned land as Massachusetts in 50+ acre parcels, while Vermont has three times as much land; however, we do not have data on the relative areas for the border county region. Exhibit 3-21: Attributes of Family Forest Landowners BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY AND CARBON POLICY STUDY Sawlogs Massachusetts 217 Border County 605 Total New Hampshire 252 (3 counties) Vermont 142 (2 counties) Pulpwood All Ind. 33 254 Cut/Acre 1.0 174 819 2.5 MA NH VT CT RI 111 387 28 170 4.1 2.6 Private Lands (000 acres) Family Forest Owners (000 acres) Family Forests, 50 acres or more % of Family Forests, 50 acres or more Average Size, Family (acres per parcel) Timber production is important* Commercial harvest in past 5 years Commercial harvest in next 5 years % of family forests avail- able given constraints* 2,179 3,646 1,686 2,358 729 1,514 43% 64% 5.8 19.0 20% 21% 40% 59% 20% 29% 32% 43% 3,864 1,383 303 3,109 898 204 2,343 434 68 75% 48% 33% 35.7 8.9 5.5 29% 12% 11% 68% 39% 26% 39% 9% 11% 57% 20% 21% New York (3 counties) Connecticut (4 counties) Rhode Island (1 county) 92 30 101 6 17 0 137 2.1 107 17 1.2 1.3 Source: Harvest data from TPO. All Ind. is “All Industrial” and, in addi- tion to sawlogs and pulpwood, includes veneer logs, composite products, posts, poles, piling, and miscellaneous. Cut/Acre is an index (Massachusetts = 1.0), measured as All Ind./ Timberland Acres. See Exhibit 3-18 for county definitions. 3.6.4 LANDOWNER CHARACTERISTICS IN THE REGION Ownership characteristics provide another perspective on future wood biomass fuel availability in the border counties for at least three reasons: 1) the size of forest holdings is generally considered to be highly correlated with the landowner’s propensity to harvest timber; 2) the size of forest holdings is of particular importance for biomass fuel because of economies of scale in whole-tree harvesting; and 3) landowner attitudes are important in the decision of whether or not to use their land for commercial timber production. In Exhibit 3-21, data that address the above issues are presented at the state level.52 In Massachusetts, the average parcel size for 52 We evaluated these data at the survey unit level in New Hampshire and Vermont to focus more directly on the sub-regions of concern. However, there were no obvious differences within the states, particularly given the large sampling errors associated with this survey. We did not consider the data for New York because the three-county area accounts for such a small share of the state’s total forest land. Source: National Woodland Ownership Survey, Butler et al., 2008; on-line data. Notes: 1) Data are state level, not for county sub-regions. 2) The survey asks landowners to rank the importance of producing commer- cial timber on a 7-point scale from “very important” to “not important.” These data show the percentage that ranked production as ‘1’ or ‘2’ on this scale. 3) “% of family forest available given constraints”is taken from Butler et al. (2010) and reflects reductions for biophysical and social constraints, including parcel size and landowner attitudes and preferences. With respect to timber production, probably the three most important questions asked in the National Woodland Owner- ship Survey are: 1) how important is timber production?; 2) did you conduct a commercial harvest in the past five years?; and, 3) do you plan to conduct a commercial harvest in the next five years? The results shown in Exhibit 3-21 are much as one might expect: Vermont and New Hampshire owners gave answers that MANOMET CENTER FOR CONSERVATION SCIENCES 58 NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVEPDF Image | NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVE AT MANOMET
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