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The following chart (Exhibit 2-1) presents the CO2 emissions for the four electrical generation pathways. These pathways are used to evaluate and compare different scenarios for forest management and carbon impacts if policies are directing biomass use toward stand-alone electrical generation, and to enable comparison to the most likely fossil fuel alternatives. Of all the fuels considered, natural gas is the cleanest and the lowest carbon emitting due to its ability to generate power using a direct combus- tion turbine at higher efficiency than traditional steam turbine technologies, and the fact that it has less carbon per unit of energy. 2.3 THERMALPRODUCTION Roughly one-third of the nation’s energy demands are thermal demands for heat, hot water, cooling, and industrial process heat (EIA,2008),. In the Northeast, this percentage is even higher, with the region using 82 percent of the nation’s home heating oil (EIA, 2009). In Massachusetts, 42 percent of the households and businesses use #2 heating oil or propane as their primary source of heat (EIA, 2007). At the residential and community scale, biomass can be an effec- tive means of using local wood resources and displacing fossil fuels efficiently. Generally, these thermal systems are between 75 percent and 85 percent efficient (See Appendix 2-B). 2.3.1 CURRENTSOURCESOFTHERMALSUPPLY 2.3.1.1 ResidentialBiomassFormsandUses Biomass has been used to heat homes for millennia. The amount of biomass used to heat Massachusetts’ homes is not known, but is estimated at between one and two million green tons annu- ally (Personal Communications, MADOER, 2010). Residential applications use biomass in fireplaces; wood stoves, furnaces, and boilers2; pellet stoves furnaces and boilers; and outdoor wood boilers. These applications decrease in efficiency (California Air Resources Board-CARB, 2005) and increase in emissions as one moves from pellet stoves and boilers to wood stoves and boilers to outdoor wood boilers to fireplaces. 2 A stove is considered to be a stand-alone space-heating device, a furnace is a central hot air system, and a boiler is a central hydronic (hot water pipe and radiator) system. Exhibit 2-2 presents efficiency, particulate, and CO2 emissions associated with these residential applications. 2.3.1.2 Institutional Biomass Forms and Uses Use of biomass for heat and hot water in community buildings, institutions, etc. has had limited application in Massachusetts. Two examples are: Quabbin Reservoir Administrative Building in Belchertown, and Mount Wachusett Community College in Gardner. The Quabbin system was installed in 2008 and uses 350 tons of wood per year to displace 22,000 gallons of #2 heating oil (Biomass Energy Resource Center-BERC, 2010). It is 2.0 MMBtu/hr in size. The Mount Wachusett system is 8.0 MMBtu/hr in size, was installed in 2002 and uses between 1,200 and 1,400 tons of wood each year (BERC, 2010). This system replaced electric heating, and the college estimates it has saved 30 million kWh of electricity in the eight years of operation (BERC, 2010). The technology for these systems uses centralized hot water-based boilers and underground insulated pipe distribution systems. Other applications of this scale of system are used in several schools. Several colleges are considering conversion to biomass, including UMASS Amherst, and the VA hospital in Northampton. 2.3.2 THERMAL PRODUCTION PATHWAYS Pathways 5–10 describe the range of applications that may be used for thermal production, beginning with cordwood systems that would serve a typical home (Pathways #5 and #6). These boilers represent small systems that, at 100,000 Btu/hr, would be used to serve a small business or residence. The difference between these two pathways is that Pathway #6 represents an EPA-certified boiler that is more efficient and therefore has fewer carbon emissions per energy output than Pathway #5. Pathway #7 describes a pellet system, separated into two parts in order to compare effectively with other sources of thermal energy presented—pellet manufacturing is Pathway 7A and covers the process of using green wood chips to produce pellets, and Pathway 7B describes the use of these pellets in a typical commercial or institutional setting, sized at 5.0 MMBtu/hr. When considering pellets and comparing to other fuels with respect to harvesting needs and carbon impacts, it is important to consider both pathways. BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY AND CARBON POLICY STUDY MANOMET CENTER FOR CONSERVATION SCIENCES 21 NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVEPDF Image | NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVE AT MANOMET
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