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In ATES systems groundwater is used to carry the thermal energy into and out of an aquifer. For the connection to the aquifer water wells are used. However, these wells are normally designed with double functions, both as production and injection wells. The energy is partly stored in the ground water itself but partly also in the rock mass that holds the aquifer. There are two modes of operation. In winter, with heat demand dominant, the warm wells are delivering heat to the heat pump. The chilled ground water is injected through the cold wells and cooling potential is stored around these wells. In summer the flow direction is reversed and the cold is recovered and directly used for cooling. The waste heat from the cooling loop is then stored in warm wells. BTES systems consist of a number of closely spaced boreholes, normally 50-200 m deep. These serve as underground heat exchangers and are equipped with Borehole Heat Exchangers (BHE), typically single or double U-pipe. In the BHE heat is circulated either to store or extract thermal energy from underground. The storing process is mainly conductive and the temperature change is restricted to within a few meters around each of the boreholes. 5.3.1.4 Hybrid loop systems There are a range of hybrid systems involving combinations of technologies. Some of these are described in this section. Hybrid loop systems with cooling pond This system has both a ground loop and a supplemental cooling pond (Figure 38). The land area required to build a cooling pond is considerably less than the land area taken up by the ground loop piping that it replaces, even for the most compact vertical closed loop systems. Figure 38 Hybrid GSHP system with supplemental cooling pond. Hybrid loop systems with cooling tower A cooling tower is an alternative to the pond in the system described above (Figure 39). This would be particularly attractive in a retrofit project where there is an existing cooling tower in a conventional HVAC system. The cooling tower might be able to be connected directly to the ground loop, or might require an isolation heat exchanger, depending on the type of cooling tower. 2010 GNS Science Report 2010/20 34PDF Image | Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
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